Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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1 Built environment Learning objectives Study of this chapter will enable the reader to: 1. relate human physiological needs to the internal and external environment; 2. understand the ways in which heat exchange between the body and its surroundings takes place; 3. calculate indoor and outdoor thermal comfort equations; 4. identify essential instruments for measuring the environment; 5. understand the thermal environment terminology used by design engineers; 6. recognize the problems of experimental work; 7. make reliable technical reports based on his or her own work and not to copy the work of others; 8. understand and use the factors that influence indoor air quality; 9. calculate fresh air ventilation rate; 10. know the instrumentation used for indoor environmental monitoring. Key terms and concepts air velocity 9; allowed exposure time 14; atmospheric pollutants 4; clo value 8; comfort equation 8; conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation 3; data logger 11; decipol 4; dry-bulb air temperature 15; dry resultant temperature 20; environmental temperature 19; equivalent wind chill temperature 13; globe temperature 16; heat stress index 14; humidity 3; infrared scanner 19; Kata thermometer 17; mean radiant temperature 9; metabolic rate 8; odorants 4; olf 4; olfactory 4; operative temperature 20; percentage of people dissatisfied 11; pitot-static tube 18; predicted mean vote 11; sling psychrometer 15; thermistor anemometer 17; thermocouple 18; thermohygrograph 17; trend 11; vane anemometer 17; vapour pressure 8; wet-bulb globe temperature 15; wet-bulb temperature 15; wind chill index 13.
2 Built environment Introduction The building is an enclosure for the benefit of human habitation, work or recreation; in some cases, the ruling criteria are those demanded by an industrial need, such as machinery, products stored or computer equipment. Much construction work is undertaken outdoors, where the climate influences human working effectiveness and can lead to health risk. The way in which the design engineer calculates measurement scales and interaction with human requirements is investigated. World energy supply and demand Many countries have become rich in material possessions by rapidly exploiting technological advances in energy supply and use. The human ability to extract enormous amounts of natural energy from the earth has enabled rapid travel to all parts of the globe, and space, and has kept habitable structures warm or cool as desired. <strong>Building</strong>s are maintained with a standard of comfort, in all aspects of the word, at high energy cost. Large parts of the globe are much poorer in terms of their standard of living, and it is incumbent upon those nations possessing knowledge to act responsibly with regard to the resources they use now, how they plan for future development, and what technology is sold to developing nations. The building industry as a whole can learn from the history of energy usage to promote only those systems making the best use of available power. Economical use of energy with services installations is crucially important in this respect, as is designing new buildings that are energy-efficient. The designer’s responsibility for energy use ceases after construction is completed and the defects liability period ends. The building owner, or user, pays for energy use in continuum. The energy cost, whether this be low or high, of using the facility, has been welded into place. Many years pass before anyone becomes brave enough to consider retrofit energy-saving measures. Demand-side minimization of energy use becomes the responsibility of all of us in the construction industry as well as us being personal consumers in our homes and transportation. The alternative is the ever-increasing requirement for supply-side public power supply installations. The word sustainability is recently popular; evaluating what it means to the building services industry becomes a real challenge to us all. The building as an environmental filter One of people’s basic needs is to maintain a constant body temperature while the metabolism regulates heat flows from the body to compensate for changes in the environment. We have become expert in fine-tuning the environmental conditions produced by the climate in relation to the properties of the building envelope to avoid discomfort. A simple tent or cave may be sufficient to filter out the worst of adverse weather conditions, but the ability of this type of shelter to respond to favourable heat gains or cooling breezes may be too fast or too slow to maintain comfort. Outside of the tropics, latitudes beyond 23.5 ◦ from the equator, houses may be advantageously oriented towards the sun to take advantage of solar heat gains, which will be stored in the dense parts of the structure and later released into the rooms to help offset heat losses to the cool external air during winter. <strong>Building</strong>s within the tropical zone require large overhanging roofs and shutters over the windows to exclude as much solar radiation as possible and to shade the rooms. Thus the building envelope acts to moderate extremes of climate, and by suitable design of illumination and ventilation openings, together with heating, cooling and humidity controls, a stable internal environment can be matched to the use of the building.
Page 2 and 3: Building Services Engineering
Page 4 and 5: Building Services Engineering Fifth
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface to fifth edition A
Page 8 and 9: Contents vii Sick building syndrome
Page 10 and 11: Contents ix Circuit design 294 Cabl
Page 12 and 13: Preface to fifth edition Building S
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements I am particularly
Page 16 and 17: Units and constants xv Table 2 Mult
Page 18 and 19: Symbols xvii Symbol Description Uni
Page 20: Symbols xix Symbol Description Unit
Page 25 and 26: 4 Built environment Ventilation The
Page 27 and 28: 6 Built environment (a) At full occ
Page 29 and 30: 8 Built environment Table 1.2 Compa
Page 31 and 32: 10 Built environment Because of the
Page 33 and 34: 12 Built environment Visual display
Page 35 and 36: 14 Built environment v = 7 m/s t a
Page 37 and 38: 16 Built environment 1.4 Sling psyc
Page 39 and 40: 18 Built environment 1.7 Thermistor
Page 41 and 42: 20 Built environment t res = t g (1
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Page 47 and 48: 26 Built environment 37. Are any of
Page 49 and 50: 28 Built environment building has a
Page 51 and 52: 30 Built environment 73. What was t
Page 53 and 54: 32 Energy economics Introduction Bu
Page 55 and 56: 34 Energy economics 16. air-to-air
Page 57 and 58: 36 Energy economics 1 kWh = 1 kWh
Page 59 and 60: 38 Energy economics 2. Heat transfe
Page 61 and 62: 40 Energy economics For solid fuel
Page 63 and 64: 42 Energy economics gas cost = 1.80
Page 65 and 66: 44 Energy economics Table 2.5 Carbo
Page 67 and 68: 46 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.8 A h
Page 69 and 70: 48 Energy economics annual cost = u
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50 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.12 Ex
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52 Energy economics l = 0.035 ( 1 0
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54 Energy economics Table 2.11 Valu
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56 Energy economics From Table 2.4
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58 Energy economics 3. Minimum outs
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3 Heat loss calculations Learning o
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62 Heat loss calculations Table 3.1
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64 Heat loss calculations Table 3.6
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66 Heat loss calculations Where onl
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68 Heat loss calculations The venti
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70 Heat loss calculations The surro
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72 Heat loss calculations The speci
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74 Heat loss calculations where R m
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76 Heat loss calculations The addit
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78 Heat loss calculations operation
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80 Heat loss calculations 2. The fo
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82 Heat loss calculations internal
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84 Heat loss calculations 27. Which
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86 Heating Key terms and concepts a
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88 Heating 4.2 Electrically heated
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90 Heating Sheet steel case Removab
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92 Heating Floor finish Screed with
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94 Heating Flue Return air plenum F
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96 Heating Table 4.1 Classification
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98 Heating Table 4.2 Heat output fr
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100 Heating Table 4.3 Flow of water
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102 Heating and, maximum available
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104 Heating This means that one vol
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106 Heating Performance testing A r
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108 Heating Electrical power genera
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110 Heating Combined heat and power
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112 Heating 3. A building energy ma
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114 Heating Connections are made to
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116 Heating remotely the MWh consum
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118 Heating 13. The two-pipe heatin
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120 Heating 27. Which is not correc
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122 Heating 39. Which of these is t
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124 Heating 4. Heat supplied is cha
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126 Ventilation and air conditionin
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6 Hot- and cold-water supplies Lear
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180 Hot- and cold-water supplies Wa
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182 Hot- and cold-water supplies po
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184 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ce
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186 Hot- and cold-water supplies st
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188 Hot- and cold-water supplies 0.
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190 Hot- and cold-water supplies 53
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192 Hot- and cold-water supplies an
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194 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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196 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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198 Hot- and cold-water supplies (a
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204 Hot- and cold-water supplies 49
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206 Soil and waste systems Introduc
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208 Soil and waste systems Open to
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210 Soil and waste systems 7. Bends
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212 Soil and waste systems The inte
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214 Soil and waste systems 40 mm wa
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216 Soil and waste systems Table 7.
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218 Soil and waste systems 50 mm ve
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220 Soil and waste systems 3. Long
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222 Surface-water drainage Table 8.
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224 Surface-water drainage Rectangu
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226 Surface-water drainage The solu
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228 Surface-water drainage 7. A PVC
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230 Below-ground drainage Design ca
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232 Below-ground drainage Manhole:
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234 Below-ground drainage From Fig.
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236 Below-ground drainage storage v
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238 Below-ground drainage 14. The f
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240 Condensation in buildings mould
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242 Condensation in buildings The w
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244 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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246 Condensation in buildings This
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248 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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250 Condensation in buildings and,
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252 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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254 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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256 Condensation in buildings For t
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258 Condensation in buildings 4. Ev
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11 Lighting Learning objectives Stu
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262 Lighting Table 11.1 Typical val
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264 Lighting Light sources 9 9 9 Wi
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266 Lighting Utilization factor The
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268 Lighting From Table 11.3, for a
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270 Lighting Table 11.4 Lamp data.
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272 Lighting number of lamps = 12.8
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274 Lighting 3. Sketch and describe
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276 Lighting 4. Insufficient inform
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278 Lighting 3. 800 lm/m 2 . 4. 260
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12 Gas Learning objectives Study of
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282 Gas Open to atmosphere Rubber p
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284 Gas EL = (1.25 × 34) m = 42.5
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286 Gas become exhausted. SNG will
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288 Gas are ignited and an air flow
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290 Gas 3. The pipe from a gas mete
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292 Electrical installations Key te
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294 Electrical installations curren
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296 Electrical installations 1 Volt
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298 Electrical installations power
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300 Electrical installations For1mm
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302 Electrical installations Table
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304 Electrical installations Incomi
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306 Electrical installations energi
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308 Electrical installations Starte
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310 Electrical installations Ethyle
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312 Electrical installations Test o
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314 Electrical installations Joint
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316 Electrical installations 4. 100
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318 Electrical installations 39. Wh
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320 Electrical installations 51. Wh
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322 Room acoustics 20. understand t
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324 Room acoustics pump blades and
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326 Room acoustics ceiling, Q is 4.
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328 Room acoustics Table 14.2 Solut
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330 Room acoustics Table 14.3 Fan s
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332 Room acoustics Table 14.4 Illus
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334 Room acoustics (Sound Research
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336 Room acoustics The target room
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338 Room acoustics Table 14.6 Noise
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340 Room acoustics 100 90 80 70 Sou
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342 Room acoustics 24. A forced-dra
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344 Room acoustics The room directi
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346 Room acoustics 3. Multiple sour
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348 Room acoustics 55. Which is not
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350 Fire protection computer monito
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352 Fire protection halogen gas, wh
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354 Fire protection the reach of tu
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356 Fire protection Range pipe Spri
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358 Fire protection Fire compartmen
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360 Fire protection 16. Which are c
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362 Plant and service areas Key ter
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364 Plant and service areas 2.0 1.5
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366 Plant and service areas Fuel st
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368 Plant and service areas a minim
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370 Plant and service areas An unde
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372 Plant and service areas Air cha
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374 Plant and service areas 100 mm
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376 Plant and service areas Fire co
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378 Plant and service areas Table 1
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380 Plant and service areas 11. Wha
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17 Mechanical transportation Learni
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384 Mechanical transportation Table
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386 Mechanical transportation Crowd
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388 Mechanical transportation Hydra
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390 Mechanical transportation 4. Co
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18 Question bank Learning objective
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394 Question bank 8. Which correctl
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396 Question bank 5. This building
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398 Understanding units Questions 1
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400 Understanding units 15. Which i
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402 Understanding units 29. Which o
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404 Understanding units 43. Which i
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Appendix: answers to questions Chap
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408 Appendix Chapter 3 Heat loss ca
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410 Appendix 4. 0.007469 kg H 2 O/k
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412 Appendix 32. 5 33. 5 34. 3 35.
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414 Appendix 23. Lighting 1200 h/ye
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416 Appendix 27. 37 dB. 28. 39 dB.
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418 Appendix 15. 5 16. 2 17. 5 18.
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References Action Energy, Departmen
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Index Absorption 154, 324 Absorptio
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424 Index Gas burner controls 289 G
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426 Index Sensible heat gains 137 S
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