Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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Ventilation and air conditioning 155 Condenser 2 Condenser cooling water to cooling tower Heat input 1 6 Generator 7 Heat exchanger Evaporator 3 Chilled water 4 8 9 Cooling water to cooling tower Absorber 5 5.19 Two-drum absorption refrigeration cycle. is pumped back into the higher-pressure generator drum to complete the cycle. This pump is the only moving part of some systems. Concentrated salt solution (6) is passed down to the absorber via a heat exchanger and pressure-reducing valve to replace the salt removed. The production of chilled water is equivalent to about half the heat input to the generator. The gas domestic refrigerator works on an absorption system using liquid evaporation to provide the cooling effect. Figure 5.20 shows the features of modern equipment. A solution of ammonia in water is heated in the boiler (A) by a small gas flame. This is the only energy input. Ammonia gas is driven off the solution and then condensed to a liquid in the air-cooled condenser (B) outside the refrigerator cabinet. The liquid ammonia then passes, with some hydrogen, into the evaporator (C) inside the refrigerator cabinet. This is the ice box. The ammonia completely evaporates while absorbing the heat from the cabinet. The two gases are then led into the absorber (D), where the ammonia is absorbed by a weak solution trickling down the absorber. The strong ammonia solution produced is then driven back into the boiler, while the hydrogen gas, which is not absorbed, passes to the evaporator. The weak solution trickling down the absorber is provided from the boiler. Both types of absorption refrigerator provide cooling from a source of heat, they have few or no moving parts and they only require low-power pumps. This makes the cycle suitable for solar power input. The equipment is vibrationless and very quiet in operation.
156 Ventilation and air conditioning Air-cooled condenser B Evaporator C Boiler A Refrigerator cabinet Gas burner Absorber D 5.20 Gas-fired domestic absorption refrigeration system. Ventilation rate measurement Measurement of room ventilation rate may be required for research into the energy consumption of heated buildings or to carry out commissioning tests on warm-air heating, ventilation or air-conditioning systems. Three basic methods are available. Smoke Provided that smoke detectors and alarms are deactivated and suitable warning is given, the room can be filled with smoke and the ventilation system switched on. The time to clear the smoke is used to calculate the air change rate and volume flow rate. Smoke candles or an oil-burning generator are used. Anemometer The air velocity through each ventilation grille and any obvious gaps around doors and windows is measured using a suitable anemometer: a rotating vane for large grilles, and a thermistor, mini-vane or pitot-static tube for small airways. The air flow rates into and out of the room are calculated from the airway areas and the average air velocities through them. Tracer gas A non-toxic tracer gas (nitrous oxide or helium) is released into the room and thoroughly mixed with portable fans to fill the complete volume. Samples of room air are taken at intervals and passed through an analyser, which measures the concentration of tracer gas. The room air change rate is calculated from two known concentrations and the time interval between them. This technique can be used for naturally ventilated buildings and produces accurate results. The katharometer measures air electrical conductivity and gives an output of percentage concentration of tracer in air. An infrared analyser uses a source of infrared radiation and passes it down two tubes to receiving photocells. One tube contains a reference gas and the other the sample of room air. The different gases absorb different amounts of radiation, and the variation in the signals from the photocells is calibrated as the percentage of tracer gas in the air.
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Building Services Engineering
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Building Services Engineering Fifth
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Contents Preface to fifth edition A
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Contents vii Sick building syndrome
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Contents ix Circuit design 294 Cabl
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Preface to fifth edition Building S
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Acknowledgements I am particularly
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Units and constants xv Table 2 Mult
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Symbols xvii Symbol Description Uni
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Symbols xix Symbol Description Unit
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2 Built environment Introduction Th
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4 Built environment Ventilation The
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6 Built environment (a) At full occ
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8 Built environment Table 1.2 Compa
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10 Built environment Because of the
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12 Built environment Visual display
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14 Built environment v = 7 m/s t a
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16 Built environment 1.4 Sling psyc
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18 Built environment 1.7 Thermistor
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20 Built environment t res = t g (1
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22 Built environment great care wit
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24 Built environment 16. An hotel l
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26 Built environment 37. Are any of
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28 Built environment building has a
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30 Built environment 73. What was t
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32 Energy economics Introduction Bu
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34 Energy economics 16. air-to-air
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36 Energy economics 1 kWh = 1 kWh
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38 Energy economics 2. Heat transfe
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40 Energy economics For solid fuel
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42 Energy economics gas cost = 1.80
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44 Energy economics Table 2.5 Carbo
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46 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.8 A h
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48 Energy economics annual cost = u
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50 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.12 Ex
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52 Energy economics l = 0.035 ( 1 0
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54 Energy economics Table 2.11 Valu
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56 Energy economics From Table 2.4
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58 Energy economics 3. Minimum outs
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3 Heat loss calculations Learning o
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62 Heat loss calculations Table 3.1
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64 Heat loss calculations Table 3.6
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66 Heat loss calculations Where onl
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68 Heat loss calculations The venti
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70 Heat loss calculations The surro
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72 Heat loss calculations The speci
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74 Heat loss calculations where R m
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76 Heat loss calculations The addit
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78 Heat loss calculations operation
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80 Heat loss calculations 2. The fo
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82 Heat loss calculations internal
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84 Heat loss calculations 27. Which
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86 Heating Key terms and concepts a
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88 Heating 4.2 Electrically heated
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90 Heating Sheet steel case Removab
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92 Heating Floor finish Screed with
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94 Heating Flue Return air plenum F
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96 Heating Table 4.1 Classification
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98 Heating Table 4.2 Heat output fr
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100 Heating Table 4.3 Flow of water
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102 Heating and, maximum available
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Page 133 and 134: 112 Heating 3. A building energy ma
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Page 147 and 148: 126 Ventilation and air conditionin
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Page 199 and 200: 6 Hot- and cold-water supplies Lear
Page 201 and 202: 180 Hot- and cold-water supplies Wa
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Page 207 and 208: 186 Hot- and cold-water supplies st
Page 209 and 210: 188 Hot- and cold-water supplies 0.
Page 211 and 212: 190 Hot- and cold-water supplies 53
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Page 215 and 216: 194 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
Page 217 and 218: 196 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
Page 219 and 220: 198 Hot- and cold-water supplies (a
Page 225 and 226: 204 Hot- and cold-water supplies 49
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206 Soil and waste systems Introduc
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208 Soil and waste systems Open to
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210 Soil and waste systems 7. Bends
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212 Soil and waste systems The inte
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214 Soil and waste systems 40 mm wa
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216 Soil and waste systems Table 7.
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218 Soil and waste systems 50 mm ve
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220 Soil and waste systems 3. Long
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222 Surface-water drainage Table 8.
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224 Surface-water drainage Rectangu
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226 Surface-water drainage The solu
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228 Surface-water drainage 7. A PVC
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230 Below-ground drainage Design ca
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232 Below-ground drainage Manhole:
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234 Below-ground drainage From Fig.
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236 Below-ground drainage storage v
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238 Below-ground drainage 14. The f
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240 Condensation in buildings mould
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242 Condensation in buildings The w
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244 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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246 Condensation in buildings This
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248 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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250 Condensation in buildings and,
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252 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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254 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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256 Condensation in buildings For t
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258 Condensation in buildings 4. Ev
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11 Lighting Learning objectives Stu
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262 Lighting Table 11.1 Typical val
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264 Lighting Light sources 9 9 9 Wi
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266 Lighting Utilization factor The
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268 Lighting From Table 11.3, for a
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270 Lighting Table 11.4 Lamp data.
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272 Lighting number of lamps = 12.8
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274 Lighting 3. Sketch and describe
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276 Lighting 4. Insufficient inform
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278 Lighting 3. 800 lm/m 2 . 4. 260
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12 Gas Learning objectives Study of
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282 Gas Open to atmosphere Rubber p
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284 Gas EL = (1.25 × 34) m = 42.5
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286 Gas become exhausted. SNG will
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288 Gas are ignited and an air flow
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290 Gas 3. The pipe from a gas mete
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292 Electrical installations Key te
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294 Electrical installations curren
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296 Electrical installations 1 Volt
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298 Electrical installations power
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300 Electrical installations For1mm
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302 Electrical installations Table
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304 Electrical installations Incomi
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306 Electrical installations energi
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308 Electrical installations Starte
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310 Electrical installations Ethyle
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312 Electrical installations Test o
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314 Electrical installations Joint
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316 Electrical installations 4. 100
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318 Electrical installations 39. Wh
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320 Electrical installations 51. Wh
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322 Room acoustics 20. understand t
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324 Room acoustics pump blades and
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326 Room acoustics ceiling, Q is 4.
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328 Room acoustics Table 14.2 Solut
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330 Room acoustics Table 14.3 Fan s
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332 Room acoustics Table 14.4 Illus
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334 Room acoustics (Sound Research
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336 Room acoustics The target room
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338 Room acoustics Table 14.6 Noise
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340 Room acoustics 100 90 80 70 Sou
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342 Room acoustics 24. A forced-dra
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344 Room acoustics The room directi
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346 Room acoustics 3. Multiple sour
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348 Room acoustics 55. Which is not
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350 Fire protection computer monito
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352 Fire protection halogen gas, wh
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354 Fire protection the reach of tu
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356 Fire protection Range pipe Spri
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358 Fire protection Fire compartmen
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360 Fire protection 16. Which are c
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362 Plant and service areas Key ter
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364 Plant and service areas 2.0 1.5
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366 Plant and service areas Fuel st
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368 Plant and service areas a minim
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370 Plant and service areas An unde
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372 Plant and service areas Air cha
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374 Plant and service areas 100 mm
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376 Plant and service areas Fire co
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378 Plant and service areas Table 1
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380 Plant and service areas 11. Wha
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17 Mechanical transportation Learni
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384 Mechanical transportation Table
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386 Mechanical transportation Crowd
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388 Mechanical transportation Hydra
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390 Mechanical transportation 4. Co
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18 Question bank Learning objective
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394 Question bank 8. Which correctl
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396 Question bank 5. This building
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398 Understanding units Questions 1
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400 Understanding units 15. Which i
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402 Understanding units 29. Which o
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404 Understanding units 43. Which i
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Appendix: answers to questions Chap
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408 Appendix Chapter 3 Heat loss ca
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410 Appendix 4. 0.007469 kg H 2 O/k
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412 Appendix 32. 5 33. 5 34. 3 35.
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414 Appendix 23. Lighting 1200 h/ye
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416 Appendix 27. 37 dB. 28. 39 dB.
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418 Appendix 15. 5 16. 2 17. 5 18.
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References Action Energy, Departmen
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Index Absorption 154, 324 Absorptio
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424 Index Gas burner controls 289 G
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426 Index Sensible heat gains 137 S
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Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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