Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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15 Fire protection Learning objectives Study of this chapter will enable the reader to: 1. classify fire hazards; 2. identify the necessary ingredients for a fire; 3. describe the development of a fire; 4. recognize the hazards of smoke; 5. apply the correct fire-fighting system, or combination of systems, to different fire classifications; 6. understand the principles of portable fire extinguishers; 7. know the criteria for the use of hose reel, dry riser, wet riser, foam, sprinkler, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), vaporizing liquid, dry powder and deluge fixed fire-fighting systems; 8. know the sources of water used in fire-fighting; 9. identify how fire development can be detected; 10. recognize the importance of smoke ventilation; 11. identify the locations for fire dampers in air ductwork and know how they operate. Key terms and concepts break tank 353; carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 351; dry hydrant rise 352; dry powder 351; fire damper 358; fire-fighting system classification 350; fire risk classification 350; foam 351; foam inlet 354; fuel, heat and oxygen 350; hazard, smoke and fire detectors 356; hose reels 352; hydrant valve 353; portable extinguishers 351; smoke 350; smoke ventilator 357; sprinkler systems 354; vaporizing liquid 351; water 351; water pumping 353; water sources 354; water storage 353; wet hydrant riser 353. Introduction The systems required to meet the needs of tackling small fires, evacuation and major fire-fighting both by the occupants and then the Fire Service are outlined. <strong>Building</strong> management systems under
350 Fire protection computer monitoring and control will incorporate such systems, together with security functions. Integration of such equipment with the architecture, decor and other services is planned from the earliest design stage. Fire classification A building’s fire risk is classified according to its occupancy and use. Table 15.1 gives representative information (CIBSE, 1986). A fire is supported by three essential ingredients: fuel, heat and oxygen. The absence of any one of these causes an established fire to be extinguished. The fire-fighting system must be appropriate to the location of the fire and preferably limited to that area in order to minimize damage to materials, plant and the building structure. Radiation from a fire may provoke damage or combustion of materials at a distance. Structural fire protection can include water sprays onto steelwork to avoid collapse, as used in the Concorde aircraft production hangar. The system of fire-fighting employed depends upon the total combustible content of the building (fire load), the type of fire risk classification and the degree of involvement by the occupants. Fire escape design where children, the elderly or infirm are present needs particular care so that sufficient time is provided in the fire resistance of doors and partitions for the slower evacuation encountered. Smoke contains hot and unpleasant fumes, which can be lethal when produced from certain chemicals and plastics. Visual obstruction makes escape hazardous and familiar routes become confused. Packaging materials, timber, plastics, liquefied petroleum gas cylinders and liquid chemicals must not be stacked in passageways or near fire exits in completed or partially completed buildings. Each working site or building needs a safety officer responsible for general oversight. Fires are classified in Table 15.2. Table 15.1 Classification of occupancies. Category Group Hazard occupancy Extra light — Public buildings Ordinary 1 Restaurant Ordinary 2 Motor garage Ordinary 3 Warehouse Ordinary 3 (special) Woodwork Extra high — Paint manufacture Extra high (storage) 1 Electrical appliance Extra high (storage) 2 Furniture Extra high (storage) 3 Wood, plastic or rubber Extra high (storage) 4 Foamed plastics or rubber Table 15.2 Fire classifications. Classification Fire type Fire-fighting system A Wood and textiles Water, cools B Petroleum Exclude oxygen C Gases Exclude oxygen D Flammable metals Exclude oxygen E Electrical Exclude oxygen, non-conducting
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Building Services Engineering
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Building Services Engineering Fifth
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Contents Preface to fifth edition A
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Contents vii Sick building syndrome
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Contents ix Circuit design 294 Cabl
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Preface to fifth edition Building S
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Acknowledgements I am particularly
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Units and constants xv Table 2 Mult
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Symbols xvii Symbol Description Uni
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Symbols xix Symbol Description Unit
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2 Built environment Introduction Th
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4 Built environment Ventilation The
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6 Built environment (a) At full occ
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8 Built environment Table 1.2 Compa
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10 Built environment Because of the
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12 Built environment Visual display
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14 Built environment v = 7 m/s t a
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16 Built environment 1.4 Sling psyc
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18 Built environment 1.7 Thermistor
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20 Built environment t res = t g (1
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22 Built environment great care wit
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24 Built environment 16. An hotel l
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26 Built environment 37. Are any of
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28 Built environment building has a
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30 Built environment 73. What was t
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32 Energy economics Introduction Bu
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34 Energy economics 16. air-to-air
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36 Energy economics 1 kWh = 1 kWh
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38 Energy economics 2. Heat transfe
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40 Energy economics For solid fuel
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42 Energy economics gas cost = 1.80
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44 Energy economics Table 2.5 Carbo
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46 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.8 A h
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48 Energy economics annual cost = u
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50 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.12 Ex
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52 Energy economics l = 0.035 ( 1 0
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54 Energy economics Table 2.11 Valu
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56 Energy economics From Table 2.4
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58 Energy economics 3. Minimum outs
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3 Heat loss calculations Learning o
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62 Heat loss calculations Table 3.1
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64 Heat loss calculations Table 3.6
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66 Heat loss calculations Where onl
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68 Heat loss calculations The venti
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70 Heat loss calculations The surro
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72 Heat loss calculations The speci
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74 Heat loss calculations where R m
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76 Heat loss calculations The addit
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78 Heat loss calculations operation
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80 Heat loss calculations 2. The fo
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82 Heat loss calculations internal
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84 Heat loss calculations 27. Which
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86 Heating Key terms and concepts a
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88 Heating 4.2 Electrically heated
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90 Heating Sheet steel case Removab
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92 Heating Floor finish Screed with
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94 Heating Flue Return air plenum F
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96 Heating Table 4.1 Classification
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98 Heating Table 4.2 Heat output fr
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100 Heating Table 4.3 Flow of water
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102 Heating and, maximum available
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104 Heating This means that one vol
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106 Heating Performance testing A r
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108 Heating Electrical power genera
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110 Heating Combined heat and power
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112 Heating 3. A building energy ma
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114 Heating Connections are made to
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116 Heating remotely the MWh consum
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118 Heating 13. The two-pipe heatin
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120 Heating 27. Which is not correc
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122 Heating 39. Which of these is t
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124 Heating 4. Heat supplied is cha
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126 Ventilation and air conditionin
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6 Hot- and cold-water supplies Lear
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180 Hot- and cold-water supplies Wa
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182 Hot- and cold-water supplies po
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184 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ce
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186 Hot- and cold-water supplies st
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188 Hot- and cold-water supplies 0.
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190 Hot- and cold-water supplies 53
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192 Hot- and cold-water supplies an
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194 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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196 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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198 Hot- and cold-water supplies (a
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204 Hot- and cold-water supplies 49
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206 Soil and waste systems Introduc
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208 Soil and waste systems Open to
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210 Soil and waste systems 7. Bends
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212 Soil and waste systems The inte
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214 Soil and waste systems 40 mm wa
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216 Soil and waste systems Table 7.
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218 Soil and waste systems 50 mm ve
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220 Soil and waste systems 3. Long
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222 Surface-water drainage Table 8.
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224 Surface-water drainage Rectangu
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226 Surface-water drainage The solu
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228 Surface-water drainage 7. A PVC
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230 Below-ground drainage Design ca
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232 Below-ground drainage Manhole:
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234 Below-ground drainage From Fig.
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236 Below-ground drainage storage v
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238 Below-ground drainage 14. The f
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240 Condensation in buildings mould
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242 Condensation in buildings The w
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244 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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246 Condensation in buildings This
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248 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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250 Condensation in buildings and,
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252 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
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254 Condensation in buildings Tempe
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256 Condensation in buildings For t
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258 Condensation in buildings 4. Ev
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11 Lighting Learning objectives Stu
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262 Lighting Table 11.1 Typical val
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264 Lighting Light sources 9 9 9 Wi
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266 Lighting Utilization factor The
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268 Lighting From Table 11.3, for a
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270 Lighting Table 11.4 Lamp data.
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272 Lighting number of lamps = 12.8
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274 Lighting 3. Sketch and describe
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276 Lighting 4. Insufficient inform
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278 Lighting 3. 800 lm/m 2 . 4. 260
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12 Gas Learning objectives Study of
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282 Gas Open to atmosphere Rubber p
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284 Gas EL = (1.25 × 34) m = 42.5
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286 Gas become exhausted. SNG will
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288 Gas are ignited and an air flow
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290 Gas 3. The pipe from a gas mete
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292 Electrical installations Key te
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294 Electrical installations curren
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296 Electrical installations 1 Volt
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Page 323 and 324: 302 Electrical installations Table
Page 325 and 326: 304 Electrical installations Incomi
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Page 333 and 334: 312 Electrical installations Test o
Page 335 and 336: 314 Electrical installations Joint
Page 337 and 338: 316 Electrical installations 4. 100
Page 339 and 340: 318 Electrical installations 39. Wh
Page 341 and 342: 320 Electrical installations 51. Wh
Page 343 and 344: 322 Room acoustics 20. understand t
Page 345 and 346: 324 Room acoustics pump blades and
Page 347 and 348: 326 Room acoustics ceiling, Q is 4.
Page 349 and 350: 328 Room acoustics Table 14.2 Solut
Page 351 and 352: 330 Room acoustics Table 14.3 Fan s
Page 353 and 354: 332 Room acoustics Table 14.4 Illus
Page 355 and 356: 334 Room acoustics (Sound Research
Page 357 and 358: 336 Room acoustics The target room
Page 359 and 360: 338 Room acoustics Table 14.6 Noise
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Page 363 and 364: 342 Room acoustics 24. A forced-dra
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Page 367 and 368: 346 Room acoustics 3. Multiple sour
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Page 379 and 380: 358 Fire protection Fire compartmen
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Page 383 and 384: 362 Plant and service areas Key ter
Page 385 and 386: 364 Plant and service areas 2.0 1.5
Page 387 and 388: 366 Plant and service areas Fuel st
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Page 395 and 396: 374 Plant and service areas 100 mm
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Page 399 and 400: 378 Plant and service areas Table 1
Page 401 and 402: 380 Plant and service areas 11. Wha
Page 403 and 404: 17 Mechanical transportation Learni
Page 405 and 406: 384 Mechanical transportation Table
Page 407 and 408: 386 Mechanical transportation Crowd
Page 409 and 410: 388 Mechanical transportation Hydra
Page 411 and 412: 390 Mechanical transportation 4. Co
Page 413 and 414: 18 Question bank Learning objective
Page 415 and 416: 394 Question bank 8. Which correctl
Page 417 and 418: 396 Question bank 5. This building
Page 419 and 420: 398 Understanding units Questions 1
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400 Understanding units 15. Which i
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402 Understanding units 29. Which o
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404 Understanding units 43. Which i
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Appendix: answers to questions Chap
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408 Appendix Chapter 3 Heat loss ca
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410 Appendix 4. 0.007469 kg H 2 O/k
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412 Appendix 32. 5 33. 5 34. 3 35.
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414 Appendix 23. Lighting 1200 h/ye
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416 Appendix 27. 37 dB. 28. 39 dB.
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418 Appendix 15. 5 16. 2 17. 5 18.
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References Action Energy, Departmen
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Index Absorption 154, 324 Absorptio
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424 Index Gas burner controls 289 G
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426 Index Sensible heat gains 137 S
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Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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