Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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Soil and waste systems 207 Water flow rate in waste pipe (I/s) 2.0 1.0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (s) 7.1 Discharge of water from a sanitary appliance. Basin P-trap Partially evacuated space Flow 100 mm ventilated soil stack 75 mm seal 32 mm waste pipe Slope 20 mm/m I 1.7 m maximum 7.2 Design of a basin waste pipe to avoid self-syphonage. to equalize the pressures and a noisy appliance operation results. The inertia of the discharge may be sufficient to syphon most of the water away from the trap, leaving an inadequate or non-existent seal. The problem is avoided by using 32 mm basin waste pipes when the length is restricted to 1.7 m at a slope of 20 mm/m run, about 1 ◦ . The sloping waste pipe can be up to 3 m long if its diameter is raised to 40 mm after the first 50 mm of run. This allows aeration from the stack along the top of the sloping section. Longer waste pipes with bends and steeper or even vertical parts have a 25 mm open vent pipe as shown in Fig. 7.3. Vertical soil and vent stacks are open to the atmosphere 900 mm above the top of any window or roof-light within 3 m. Underground foul sewers are thus atmospherically ventilated. Water discharged into the stack from an appliance entrains air downwards and establishes air flow rates of up to a hundred times the water volume flow rate. Air flow rates of 10–150 l/s have been measured. The action of water sucking air into the pipe lowers the air static pressure, which is further reduced by friction losses. Water enters the stack as a full-bore jet, shooting across to the opposite wall, falling and establishing a downward helical layer attached to the pipe surface. Restricted air passageways at such junctions further lower the air static pressure by their resistance to flow. Atmospheric pressure will be re-established at the base of the stack because of the flow of air into the lowpressure region. The falling fluid tends to fill the pipe near the base and positive air static pressures can be generated. Appliances connected to such a region may have their water seals intermittently forced out. Figure 7.4 shows the probable air static pressures during the simultaneous discharge of three appliances. The pressure gradient shown in Fig. 7.4 can be drawn with the aid of data from experimental work (Wise, 1979). The maximum permitted pressure is −375 Pa as this is equivalent to the
208 Soil and waste systems Open to atmosphere Basin 25 mm vent 75 mm 100 mm discharge stack P-trap 32 mm waste pipe l 3 m maximum Cleaning access points 7.3 Vented basin waste pipe. To drain Air drawn in Pipe friction Suction pressure produced at branch connection Vent Net effect of air inflow and pipe friction Three basins discharging simultaneously –ve suction 0 +ve Atmospheric pressure Air static pressure in discharge stack 7.4 Air static pressure distribution in soil and vent pipes. Air flow Fluid flow
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Building Services Engineering
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Building Services Engineering Fifth
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Contents Preface to fifth edition A
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Contents vii Sick building syndrome
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Contents ix Circuit design 294 Cabl
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Preface to fifth edition Building S
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Acknowledgements I am particularly
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Units and constants xv Table 2 Mult
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Symbols xvii Symbol Description Uni
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Symbols xix Symbol Description Unit
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2 Built environment Introduction Th
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4 Built environment Ventilation The
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6 Built environment (a) At full occ
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8 Built environment Table 1.2 Compa
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10 Built environment Because of the
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12 Built environment Visual display
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14 Built environment v = 7 m/s t a
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16 Built environment 1.4 Sling psyc
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18 Built environment 1.7 Thermistor
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20 Built environment t res = t g (1
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22 Built environment great care wit
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24 Built environment 16. An hotel l
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26 Built environment 37. Are any of
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28 Built environment building has a
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30 Built environment 73. What was t
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32 Energy economics Introduction Bu
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34 Energy economics 16. air-to-air
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36 Energy economics 1 kWh = 1 kWh
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38 Energy economics 2. Heat transfe
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40 Energy economics For solid fuel
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42 Energy economics gas cost = 1.80
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44 Energy economics Table 2.5 Carbo
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46 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.8 A h
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48 Energy economics annual cost = u
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50 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.12 Ex
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52 Energy economics l = 0.035 ( 1 0
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54 Energy economics Table 2.11 Valu
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56 Energy economics From Table 2.4
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58 Energy economics 3. Minimum outs
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3 Heat loss calculations Learning o
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62 Heat loss calculations Table 3.1
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64 Heat loss calculations Table 3.6
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66 Heat loss calculations Where onl
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68 Heat loss calculations The venti
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70 Heat loss calculations The surro
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72 Heat loss calculations The speci
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74 Heat loss calculations where R m
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76 Heat loss calculations The addit
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78 Heat loss calculations operation
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80 Heat loss calculations 2. The fo
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82 Heat loss calculations internal
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84 Heat loss calculations 27. Which
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86 Heating Key terms and concepts a
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88 Heating 4.2 Electrically heated
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90 Heating Sheet steel case Removab
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92 Heating Floor finish Screed with
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94 Heating Flue Return air plenum F
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96 Heating Table 4.1 Classification
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98 Heating Table 4.2 Heat output fr
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100 Heating Table 4.3 Flow of water
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102 Heating and, maximum available
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104 Heating This means that one vol
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106 Heating Performance testing A r
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108 Heating Electrical power genera
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110 Heating Combined heat and power
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112 Heating 3. A building energy ma
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114 Heating Connections are made to
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116 Heating remotely the MWh consum
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118 Heating 13. The two-pipe heatin
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120 Heating 27. Which is not correc
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122 Heating 39. Which of these is t
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124 Heating 4. Heat supplied is cha
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126 Ventilation and air conditionin
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Page 177 and 178: 156 Ventilation and air conditionin
Page 199 and 200: 6 Hot- and cold-water supplies Lear
Page 201 and 202: 180 Hot- and cold-water supplies Wa
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Page 205 and 206: 184 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ce
Page 207 and 208: 186 Hot- and cold-water supplies st
Page 209 and 210: 188 Hot- and cold-water supplies 0.
Page 211 and 212: 190 Hot- and cold-water supplies 53
Page 213 and 214: 192 Hot- and cold-water supplies an
Page 215 and 216: 194 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
Page 217 and 218: 196 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
Page 219 and 220: 198 Hot- and cold-water supplies (a
Page 225 and 226: 204 Hot- and cold-water supplies 49
Page 227: 206 Soil and waste systems Introduc
Page 231 and 232: 210 Soil and waste systems 7. Bends
Page 233 and 234: 212 Soil and waste systems The inte
Page 235 and 236: 214 Soil and waste systems 40 mm wa
Page 237 and 238: 216 Soil and waste systems Table 7.
Page 239 and 240: 218 Soil and waste systems 50 mm ve
Page 241 and 242: 220 Soil and waste systems 3. Long
Page 243 and 244: 222 Surface-water drainage Table 8.
Page 245 and 246: 224 Surface-water drainage Rectangu
Page 247 and 248: 226 Surface-water drainage The solu
Page 249 and 250: 228 Surface-water drainage 7. A PVC
Page 251 and 252: 230 Below-ground drainage Design ca
Page 253 and 254: 232 Below-ground drainage Manhole:
Page 255 and 256: 234 Below-ground drainage From Fig.
Page 257 and 258: 236 Below-ground drainage storage v
Page 259 and 260: 238 Below-ground drainage 14. The f
Page 261 and 262: 240 Condensation in buildings mould
Page 263 and 264: 242 Condensation in buildings The w
Page 265 and 266: 244 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
Page 267 and 268: 246 Condensation in buildings This
Page 269 and 270: 248 Condensation in buildings Tempe
Page 271 and 272: 250 Condensation in buildings and,
Page 273 and 274: 252 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
Page 275 and 276: 254 Condensation in buildings Tempe
Page 277 and 278: 256 Condensation in buildings For t
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258 Condensation in buildings 4. Ev
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11 Lighting Learning objectives Stu
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262 Lighting Table 11.1 Typical val
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264 Lighting Light sources 9 9 9 Wi
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266 Lighting Utilization factor The
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268 Lighting From Table 11.3, for a
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270 Lighting Table 11.4 Lamp data.
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272 Lighting number of lamps = 12.8
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274 Lighting 3. Sketch and describe
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276 Lighting 4. Insufficient inform
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278 Lighting 3. 800 lm/m 2 . 4. 260
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12 Gas Learning objectives Study of
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282 Gas Open to atmosphere Rubber p
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284 Gas EL = (1.25 × 34) m = 42.5
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286 Gas become exhausted. SNG will
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288 Gas are ignited and an air flow
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290 Gas 3. The pipe from a gas mete
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292 Electrical installations Key te
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294 Electrical installations curren
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296 Electrical installations 1 Volt
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298 Electrical installations power
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300 Electrical installations For1mm
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302 Electrical installations Table
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304 Electrical installations Incomi
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306 Electrical installations energi
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308 Electrical installations Starte
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310 Electrical installations Ethyle
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312 Electrical installations Test o
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314 Electrical installations Joint
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316 Electrical installations 4. 100
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318 Electrical installations 39. Wh
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320 Electrical installations 51. Wh
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322 Room acoustics 20. understand t
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324 Room acoustics pump blades and
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326 Room acoustics ceiling, Q is 4.
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328 Room acoustics Table 14.2 Solut
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330 Room acoustics Table 14.3 Fan s
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332 Room acoustics Table 14.4 Illus
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334 Room acoustics (Sound Research
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336 Room acoustics The target room
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338 Room acoustics Table 14.6 Noise
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340 Room acoustics 100 90 80 70 Sou
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342 Room acoustics 24. A forced-dra
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344 Room acoustics The room directi
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346 Room acoustics 3. Multiple sour
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348 Room acoustics 55. Which is not
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350 Fire protection computer monito
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352 Fire protection halogen gas, wh
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354 Fire protection the reach of tu
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356 Fire protection Range pipe Spri
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358 Fire protection Fire compartmen
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360 Fire protection 16. Which are c
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362 Plant and service areas Key ter
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364 Plant and service areas 2.0 1.5
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366 Plant and service areas Fuel st
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368 Plant and service areas a minim
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370 Plant and service areas An unde
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372 Plant and service areas Air cha
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374 Plant and service areas 100 mm
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376 Plant and service areas Fire co
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378 Plant and service areas Table 1
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380 Plant and service areas 11. Wha
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17 Mechanical transportation Learni
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384 Mechanical transportation Table
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386 Mechanical transportation Crowd
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388 Mechanical transportation Hydra
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390 Mechanical transportation 4. Co
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18 Question bank Learning objective
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394 Question bank 8. Which correctl
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396 Question bank 5. This building
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398 Understanding units Questions 1
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400 Understanding units 15. Which i
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402 Understanding units 29. Which o
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404 Understanding units 43. Which i
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Appendix: answers to questions Chap
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408 Appendix Chapter 3 Heat loss ca
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410 Appendix 4. 0.007469 kg H 2 O/k
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412 Appendix 32. 5 33. 5 34. 3 35.
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414 Appendix 23. Lighting 1200 h/ye
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416 Appendix 27. 37 dB. 28. 39 dB.
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418 Appendix 15. 5 16. 2 17. 5 18.
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References Action Energy, Departmen
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Index Absorption 154, 324 Absorptio
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424 Index Gas burner controls 289 G
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426 Index Sensible heat gains 137 S
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