Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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Soil and waste systems 209 recommended trap depth of 75 mm water gauge for single-stack drain installations. When suction of this magnitude is applied to a 75 mm water seal, some of the water is sucked from the trap, leaving about 56 mm. This is sufficient to stop fumes entering the building. Loss of water seal from a trap can occur through the following mechanisms. 1. Self-syphonage: this can be avoided by placing restrictions on lengths and gradients and venting long or steep gradients. 2. Induced syphonage: water flow past a waste pipe junction in a stack or along a sloping horizontal range of appliances can suck out the water seal. This is overcome by suitable design of the pipe diameters, junction layouts and venting arrangements. 3. Blow-out: a positive pressure surge near the base of a stack could push out water seals of traps connected in that region. Waste pipes are not connected to the lower 450 mm of vertical stacks, measured from the bottom of the horizontal drain. 4. Cross-flow: flow across the vertical stack from one appliance to another. Waste pipes are not connected to soil and vent pipes where cross-flow, particularly from WC branches, could be caused, as shown in Fig. 7.5. 5. Evaporation: this amounts to about 2.5 mm of seal loss per week while appliances are unused. 6. Wind effects: wind-induced pressure fluctuations in the stack may cause the water seal to waver out. The vent terminal should be sited away from areas subject to troublesome effects. Wind-tunnel tests using smoke as a tracer are performed for large developments. Vent 32 mm basin waste 100 mm WC branch 200 mm No connections in this area 40 mm bath waste Discharge stack No connections in the hatched area Plan view Vent Cleaning plug 40 mm bath wast 100 mm WC branch 200 mm Discharge stack 7.5 Permitted stack connections avoiding cross-flow.
210 Soil and waste systems 7. Bends and offsets: sharp bends in a stack can cause partial or complete filling of the pipe, leading to large pressure fluctuations. Foaming of detergents through highly turbulent fluid flow will aggravate pressure fluctuations. Connections to the vent stack before and after an offset equalize air pressures. A bend of minimum radius 200 mm is used at the base of a soil stack to ensure constant ventilation. 8. Surcharging: an underground drain that is allowed to run full causes large pressure fluctuations. Additional stack ventilation is required. 9. Intercepting traps: where a single-stack system is connected into a drain with an interceptor trap nearby, fluid flow is restricted. Additional stack ventilation is used. 10. Admission of rainwater into soil stacks: when a combined foul and surface-water sewer is available, it is possible to admit rainwater into the discharge stack. Continuous small rainwater flows can cause excessive pressure fluctuations in buildings of about 30 storeys. Flooding of the stack during a blockage would cause severe damage. 11. Pumped or pneumatically ejected sewage lifting: the discharge stack is gravity-drained into a sump, from where it is pumped into a street sewer at a higher level. A separate vent is used for the sump chamber and pumped sewer pipe to avoid causing pressure surges. 12. Capillary: lint or hair remaining in a trap may either block the capillary or empty it. Additional maintenance is carried out in high-risk locations. 13. Leakage: leakage can occur through mechanical failure of the joints or the use of a material not suited to the water conditions. Figure 7.6 shows the principle of operation of an anti-syphon trap. When excessive suction pressure occurs in the waste pipe, some of the water in the trap is syphoned out. When the central ventilation passage becomes uncovered, it connects the inlet and outlet static air pressures. This returns the waste pipe to atmospheric pressure and the syphonage ceases. Sufficient water remains in the trap to maintain a hygienic seal. Sanitary appliance Air flow Air flow Waste pipe Water flow Trap Water seal Access gap 7.6 Anti-syphon trap.
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Building Services Engineering
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Building Services Engineering Fifth
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Contents Preface to fifth edition A
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Contents vii Sick building syndrome
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Contents ix Circuit design 294 Cabl
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Preface to fifth edition Building S
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Acknowledgements I am particularly
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Units and constants xv Table 2 Mult
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Symbols xvii Symbol Description Uni
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Symbols xix Symbol Description Unit
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2 Built environment Introduction Th
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4 Built environment Ventilation The
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6 Built environment (a) At full occ
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8 Built environment Table 1.2 Compa
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10 Built environment Because of the
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12 Built environment Visual display
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14 Built environment v = 7 m/s t a
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16 Built environment 1.4 Sling psyc
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18 Built environment 1.7 Thermistor
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20 Built environment t res = t g (1
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22 Built environment great care wit
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24 Built environment 16. An hotel l
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26 Built environment 37. Are any of
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28 Built environment building has a
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30 Built environment 73. What was t
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32 Energy economics Introduction Bu
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34 Energy economics 16. air-to-air
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36 Energy economics 1 kWh = 1 kWh
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38 Energy economics 2. Heat transfe
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40 Energy economics For solid fuel
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42 Energy economics gas cost = 1.80
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44 Energy economics Table 2.5 Carbo
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46 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.8 A h
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48 Energy economics annual cost = u
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50 Energy economics EXAMPLE 2.12 Ex
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52 Energy economics l = 0.035 ( 1 0
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54 Energy economics Table 2.11 Valu
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56 Energy economics From Table 2.4
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58 Energy economics 3. Minimum outs
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3 Heat loss calculations Learning o
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62 Heat loss calculations Table 3.1
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64 Heat loss calculations Table 3.6
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66 Heat loss calculations Where onl
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68 Heat loss calculations The venti
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70 Heat loss calculations The surro
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72 Heat loss calculations The speci
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74 Heat loss calculations where R m
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76 Heat loss calculations The addit
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78 Heat loss calculations operation
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80 Heat loss calculations 2. The fo
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82 Heat loss calculations internal
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84 Heat loss calculations 27. Which
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86 Heating Key terms and concepts a
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88 Heating 4.2 Electrically heated
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90 Heating Sheet steel case Removab
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92 Heating Floor finish Screed with
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94 Heating Flue Return air plenum F
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96 Heating Table 4.1 Classification
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98 Heating Table 4.2 Heat output fr
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100 Heating Table 4.3 Flow of water
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102 Heating and, maximum available
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104 Heating This means that one vol
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106 Heating Performance testing A r
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108 Heating Electrical power genera
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110 Heating Combined heat and power
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112 Heating 3. A building energy ma
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114 Heating Connections are made to
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116 Heating remotely the MWh consum
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118 Heating 13. The two-pipe heatin
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120 Heating 27. Which is not correc
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122 Heating 39. Which of these is t
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124 Heating 4. Heat supplied is cha
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126 Ventilation and air conditionin
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Page 179 and 180: 158 Ventilation and air conditionin
Page 199 and 200: 6 Hot- and cold-water supplies Lear
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Page 209 and 210: 188 Hot- and cold-water supplies 0.
Page 211 and 212: 190 Hot- and cold-water supplies 53
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Page 215 and 216: 194 Hot- and cold-water supplies Ta
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Page 219 and 220: 198 Hot- and cold-water supplies (a
Page 225 and 226: 204 Hot- and cold-water supplies 49
Page 227 and 228: 206 Soil and waste systems Introduc
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Page 233 and 234: 212 Soil and waste systems The inte
Page 235 and 236: 214 Soil and waste systems 40 mm wa
Page 237 and 238: 216 Soil and waste systems Table 7.
Page 239 and 240: 218 Soil and waste systems 50 mm ve
Page 241 and 242: 220 Soil and waste systems 3. Long
Page 243 and 244: 222 Surface-water drainage Table 8.
Page 245 and 246: 224 Surface-water drainage Rectangu
Page 247 and 248: 226 Surface-water drainage The solu
Page 249 and 250: 228 Surface-water drainage 7. A PVC
Page 251 and 252: 230 Below-ground drainage Design ca
Page 253 and 254: 232 Below-ground drainage Manhole:
Page 255 and 256: 234 Below-ground drainage From Fig.
Page 257 and 258: 236 Below-ground drainage storage v
Page 259 and 260: 238 Below-ground drainage 14. The f
Page 261 and 262: 240 Condensation in buildings mould
Page 263 and 264: 242 Condensation in buildings The w
Page 265 and 266: 244 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
Page 267 and 268: 246 Condensation in buildings This
Page 269 and 270: 248 Condensation in buildings Tempe
Page 271 and 272: 250 Condensation in buildings and,
Page 273 and 274: 252 Condensation in buildings EXAMP
Page 275 and 276: 254 Condensation in buildings Tempe
Page 277 and 278: 256 Condensation in buildings For t
Page 279 and 280: 258 Condensation in buildings 4. Ev
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11 Lighting Learning objectives Stu
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262 Lighting Table 11.1 Typical val
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264 Lighting Light sources 9 9 9 Wi
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266 Lighting Utilization factor The
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268 Lighting From Table 11.3, for a
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270 Lighting Table 11.4 Lamp data.
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272 Lighting number of lamps = 12.8
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274 Lighting 3. Sketch and describe
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276 Lighting 4. Insufficient inform
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278 Lighting 3. 800 lm/m 2 . 4. 260
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12 Gas Learning objectives Study of
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282 Gas Open to atmosphere Rubber p
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284 Gas EL = (1.25 × 34) m = 42.5
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286 Gas become exhausted. SNG will
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288 Gas are ignited and an air flow
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290 Gas 3. The pipe from a gas mete
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292 Electrical installations Key te
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294 Electrical installations curren
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296 Electrical installations 1 Volt
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298 Electrical installations power
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300 Electrical installations For1mm
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302 Electrical installations Table
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304 Electrical installations Incomi
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306 Electrical installations energi
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308 Electrical installations Starte
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310 Electrical installations Ethyle
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312 Electrical installations Test o
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314 Electrical installations Joint
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316 Electrical installations 4. 100
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318 Electrical installations 39. Wh
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320 Electrical installations 51. Wh
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322 Room acoustics 20. understand t
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324 Room acoustics pump blades and
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326 Room acoustics ceiling, Q is 4.
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328 Room acoustics Table 14.2 Solut
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330 Room acoustics Table 14.3 Fan s
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332 Room acoustics Table 14.4 Illus
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334 Room acoustics (Sound Research
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336 Room acoustics The target room
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338 Room acoustics Table 14.6 Noise
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340 Room acoustics 100 90 80 70 Sou
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342 Room acoustics 24. A forced-dra
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344 Room acoustics The room directi
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346 Room acoustics 3. Multiple sour
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348 Room acoustics 55. Which is not
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350 Fire protection computer monito
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352 Fire protection halogen gas, wh
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354 Fire protection the reach of tu
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356 Fire protection Range pipe Spri
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358 Fire protection Fire compartmen
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360 Fire protection 16. Which are c
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362 Plant and service areas Key ter
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364 Plant and service areas 2.0 1.5
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366 Plant and service areas Fuel st
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368 Plant and service areas a minim
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370 Plant and service areas An unde
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372 Plant and service areas Air cha
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374 Plant and service areas 100 mm
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376 Plant and service areas Fire co
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378 Plant and service areas Table 1
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380 Plant and service areas 11. Wha
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17 Mechanical transportation Learni
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384 Mechanical transportation Table
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386 Mechanical transportation Crowd
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388 Mechanical transportation Hydra
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390 Mechanical transportation 4. Co
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18 Question bank Learning objective
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394 Question bank 8. Which correctl
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396 Question bank 5. This building
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398 Understanding units Questions 1
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400 Understanding units 15. Which i
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402 Understanding units 29. Which o
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404 Understanding units 43. Which i
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Appendix: answers to questions Chap
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408 Appendix Chapter 3 Heat loss ca
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410 Appendix 4. 0.007469 kg H 2 O/k
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412 Appendix 32. 5 33. 5 34. 3 35.
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414 Appendix 23. Lighting 1200 h/ye
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416 Appendix 27. 37 dB. 28. 39 dB.
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418 Appendix 15. 5 16. 2 17. 5 18.
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References Action Energy, Departmen
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Index Absorption 154, 324 Absorptio
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424 Index Gas burner controls 289 G
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426 Index Sensible heat gains 137 S
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Building Services Engineering 5th Edition Handbook

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