Materials for engineering, 3rd Edition - (Malestrom)

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Metals and alloys 131 closely fitting surfaces when they are subject to slight (usually less than 30 µm) relative oscillatory movement. The surfaces are often badly pitted, and finely powdered oxide debris is formed. A reddish brown detritus is often seen exuding from fretting ferrous contacts and this is sometimes referred to as ‘cocoa’! The situation of a loose joint under varying load may be susceptible to fretting corrosion and also the case when wire ropes rub together in service over a protracted period. Fretting-induced damage is observed widely in contacting assemblies as diverse as bearings, the dovetail notch turbine blade and mechanically fastened joints. Almost all materials are susceptible to the process and its incidence in vibrating machinery is high. It may not only cause dimensional loss of accuracy of closely fitted components, but may also seriously reduce the fatigue strength of an assembly. No single mechanism appears to be responsible for the phenomenon. Initially, metallic debris forms due to an adhesion mechanism; this continuously oxidizes and is mechanically dispersed by the vibratory motion, so that the formation of a stable protective oxide film is prevented in the fretted region. The process thus continues indefinitely and, in the later stages, surface pits and cracks of the order of 100 µm in length are observed. As discussed earlier in this chapter, the presence of such damage will be highly deleterious to the fatigue resistance of the material and it is not uncommon for the fatigue life to be reduced by up to 90% if fretting damage occurs. The preventive measures adopted depend on whether or not the surfaces involved are intended to undergo some relative motion. If the surfaces are not intended to move, it may be possible to prevent slip by increasing the friction between the surfaces. Alternatively, a thin sheet of an elastic material may be introduced between the surfaces to accept the relative movement without slip. If the surfaces are intended to undergo relative motion, an improvement in the lubrication should reduce the amount of intermetallic contact and thus ameliorate the situation. 3.5 Further reading H.T. Angus, Cast Iron: Physical and Engineering Properties, Butterworth, London, 1976. K. Easterling, Introduction to the Physical Metallurgy of Welding, Butterworth, London, 1983. W.F. Gale and T.C. Totemeier (eds), Smithells Metals Reference Book (8 th Edition), Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 2004. R.W.K. Honeycombe and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Steel: microstructure and properties, 2 nd edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 2002. I.M. Hutchings, Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials, Edward Arnold, London, 1992. W.H. Kearns (Ed.), Welding Handbook (Volume 2 – Welding Processes), Seventh Edition, American Welding Society, Miami, Florida, 1978. D.T. Llewellyn and R.C. Hudd: Steels – Metallurgy & Applications, 3 rd edition, Butterworth- Heinemann, London, 1998.
132 Materials for engineering I.J. Polmear, Light Alloys, 3 rd Edition, Edward Arnold, London, 1995. J.C. Scully, The Fundamentals of Corrosion, 3 rd Edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1990. C.J. Thwaites, Capillary Joining – Brazing and Soft-soldering, Research Studies Press, Letchworth, 1982. Adhesives and Sealants, Engineered Materials Handbook, Volume 3, ASM International, 1990.
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Materials for engineering Third edi
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Woodhead Publishing Limited and Man
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vi Contents 3.4 Degradation of meta
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Preface to the third edition The cr
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xvi Introduction Young’s modulus,
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1 Structure of engineering material
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Structure of engineering materials
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1.2 Microstructure Structure of eng
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Part II Structure-property relation
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Part III Problems
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Appendix I Useful constants Symbol
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234 Appendix II Fracture toughness
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Appendix IV Sources of material pro
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Sources of material property data 2
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Index acrylics 160 adhesives 121 ad
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Index 245 smart fibre 189 stiffness
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Index 247 GPC (gel permeation chrom
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Index 249 offset yield strength 39
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Index 251 nitriding 83-4 normalisin
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Materials for engineering, 3rd Edition - (Malestrom)

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