Materials for engineering, 3rd Edition - (Malestrom)

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Introduction The materials available to engineers for structural applications embrace an extremely wide range of properties. We can classify them into THREE broad families as follows: METALS & ALLOYS ENGINEERING CERAMICS & GLASSES ENGINEERING POLYMERS & ELASTOMERS There is the further possibility that materials from two or more of these families may themselves be combined to form a FOURTH family, namely: COMPOSITE MATERIALS It is possible to present a broad ‘overview’ of the properties of engineering materials by constructing a Material Property Chart. These charts show the relationship between two selected engineering properties of the above families, and Fig. 0.1 (due to Ashby) illustrates the Young’s modulus–density chart for engineering materials. Young’s elastic modulus is one of the most self-evident of material properties, reflecting as it does the stiffness of structural steel or the compliance of rubber. Because of this wide range of values, the scales of the axes in Fig. 0.1 are logarithmic, and their ranges have been chosen to include all materials from light polymeric foams to engineering alloys. Data for a given family of materials are seen to cluster together on the chart, and each family has been enclosed within an envelope in the diagram. Although each class of material has characteristic properties, these may vary within each class because of variations in structure at three different levels,
xvi Introduction Young’s modulus, E (GPa) 1000 100 10 1. Modulus–Density Engineering WC-Ce Young’s modulus E Diamond ceramics B SiCSi 3 H 4 (G = 3E/8 : K = E) Steels MFA: 88-91 Aluminas Sialons ZrO 2 Mo CFRP W-alloys Si BeO uni-ply Ce Ni-alloys Glasses Cu-alloys Pottery Engineering KFRP Ti-alloys Zn-alloys 1/2 ⎛ composites GFRP Al-alloys E ⎞ Tin CFRP Rock, stone ⎜ ρ ⎟ (m / s) alloys ⎝ ⎠ Lead Laminates Cement, concrete alloys 10 4 Parallel GFRP KFRP Ash Mgalloys to grain Oak Fir Pine MEL Porous ceramics Engineering P alloys Balsa PS Epoxies PMMA 3 × 10 3 Woods 1 Wood products PVC Nylon Ash for true solids Oak Polyesters Perpendicular Pine HDPE Fir Guide lines for to grain PTFE minimum Spruce LDPE E weight design Balsa C Plasticised ρ = PVC 0.1 Hard 3 × 10 2 butyl PU Elastomers E 1/2 =C Cork ρ 1/3 Polymers E Soft Silicone = C foams butyl ρ 0.01 0.1 0.3 1.0 3.0 10 30 10 3 Lower limit PP Density, ρ (Mg/m 3 ) 0.1 Young’s modulus, E, vs. density, ρ. (After M. F. Ashby, Acta Metall., 1989, 37, 1273). namely the atomic arrangement, or crystal structure, the microstructure, which refers to the size and arrangement of the crystals, and the molecular structure. We will consider these aspects of structure in turn.
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Part III Problems
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Appendix I Useful constants Symbol
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234 Appendix II Fracture toughness
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Appendix IV Sources of material pro
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Sources of material property data 2
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Index acrylics 160 adhesives 121 ad
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Index 245 smart fibre 189 stiffness
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Index 247 GPC (gel permeation chrom
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Index 251 nitriding 83-4 normalisin
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Materials for engineering, 3rd Edition - (Malestrom)

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