Design for Learning- Principles, Processes, and Praxis, 2021a

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Richard E. West Dr. Richard E. West is an associate professor of Instructional Psychology and Technology at Brigham Young University. He teaches courses in instructional design, academic writing, qualitative research methods, program/product evaluation, psychology, creativity and innovation, technology integration skills for preservice teachers, and the foundations of the field of learning and instructional design technology. Dr. West’s research focuses on developing educational institutions that support 21st century learning. This includes teaching interdisciplinary and collaborative creativity and design thinking skills, personalizing learning through open badges, increasing access through open education, and developing social learning communities in online and blended environments. He has published over 90 articles, co-authoring with over 80 different graduate and undergraduate students, and received scholarship awards from the American Educational Research Association, Association for Educational Communications and Technology, and Brigham Young University. He tweets @richardewest, and his research can be found on Design for Learning 680
ichardewest.com.
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Design for Learning Principles, Pro
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Table of Contents Introduction ....
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Introduction Jason K. McDonald & Ri
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fill out these surveys as they will
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Part I Instructional Design Practic
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1 Becoming a Learning Designer Elle
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designers take when designing lesso
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to work? How will we engage learner
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All variants of Design Thinking emb
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prototypes and wireframes, graphic
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As Simon envisioned this role, the
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Mobile app design Social and collab
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may manifest. However, there are cu
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uild a survey, and conducting marke
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key principles and various helpful
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2 Designing for Diverse Learners Su
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equipment for access of computer-ba
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designers should not stop there but
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Visual Thinking and Animal Behavior
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Considerations Hearing difficulties
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Design for Learning 42
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Each of these dimensions will be di
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Differences Between UDL and DI With
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environments should support varied
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those on the fringes of dominant cu
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4. 5. 6. Observe universal design.
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Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for cultu
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diverse classrooms (3rd ed.). ASCD.
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When to Use Qualitative and Quantit
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3. 4. Dependability (reliability) i
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in interviewing, it’s not always
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4. 5. not?” Follow up by asking,
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Report Findings The final step is t
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acquisition, and c) foreign languag
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The study plan matrix operationaliz
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or teacher. Essentially, questions
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Definition of Effective Implementat
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obvious thing the invite should inc
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effects of known variables. ANCOVA
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6. transformations or computing of
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Even though there is a science fill
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influencing learner performance can
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Are we sure that instruction is goi
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Figure 1 provides an overview of ho
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from Tessmer & Richey (1997 While c
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Method of Analysis Needs Analysis D
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instructional designers will have a
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Level of Scale Low (1-2 weeks) Medi
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INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN PROJECT INTAKE
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Cennamo, K., & Kalk, D., (2019). Re
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groundbreaking classic on human per
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5 Conducting a Learner Analysis Jos
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knowledge, and their demographics,
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or that has no connection to studen
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designing the best learning environ
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Fact-finding - Most conflicts are r
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Objective Define the purpose/vision
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Note. Persona example from https://
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Note. Persona example from https://
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go beyond the physical location and
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https://edtechbooks.org/-Snvzp Ambr
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knowledge influences memory in olde
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6 Problem Framing Vanessa Svihla Is
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An Example of How the Same Initial
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Figure 2 Problem Structure, Complex
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“framing agency” is a hallmark
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What Tools Help Designers Frame Pro
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designers coherently link the task
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easons for reframing are likelier t
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National Science Foundation. Refere
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7 Task and Content Analysis Levi Po
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analyzing interpersonal skills. Con
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facts, concept, and principles). On
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Length of nails 10-penny or less is
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content area. A course on home repa
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a. b. c. d. e. f. Tactile cue: Feel
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Conclusion Task/content analysis is
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8 Documenting Instructional Design
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Decision Typologies as They Relate
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Decisions Type of Decision- Making
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Naturalistic Decision-Making Exampl
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their design process to log and ref
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Conclusion While decision-making is
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knowledge and experience to solve i
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Luo, T., & Baaki, J. (2019). Gradua
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Tracey, M. W., & Hutchinson, A. (20
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Creating Creating practices are tho
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Many ideation techniques focus on g
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Noel Oh! Sorry. The PASS model—I
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Noel Nice. And we should make the j
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Table 1 Common Structured Ideation
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Contrast the two techniques you tri
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with no instructions and putting th
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Additional Readings and Resources T
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Daly, S. R., Seifert, C. M., Yilmaz
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initial investigation of expert pra
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10 Instructional Strategies Joshua
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Learning Domain Strategies Each lea
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muscular actions. When teaching psy
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specific to general You could teach
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values or needs. Relevance is also
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well-defined learning goals; instru
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11 Instructional Design Prototyping
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psychology has established that the
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Table 1 Prototyping Stages and Goal
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Note. Many of the examples provided
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other design contexts such as indus
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Note. CC-BY from Rosenfeld Media, a
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they reach a product that will acco
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This approach is believed to be les
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prototype, you can learn about the
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doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2015.10140
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Merrill, M. D., & Wilson, B. (2007)
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Evaluating Evaluating practices hel
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Defining Critique Used throughout t
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on the work itself and not on the d
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Any critique develops both the crit
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Group Critique (illustration by the
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2010). Studios are based on the ide
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can be paired or grouped as need be
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which are overwhelmingly negative o
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176-177). Mahwah: Erlbaum. Dannels,
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13 The Role of Design Judgment and
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instructional module to be delivere
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The second is instrumental judgment
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concerned with design tools—every
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(Tracey et al., 2014). It is usuall
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the design should be focused on. To
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appreciate public libraries. We lik
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References and Suggested Readings B
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49(4), 3-17. Stolterman, E., McAtee
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ADDIE Model of Design (Fav203, 2012
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Reaction In order to have effective
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“When the cook tastes the soup th
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Summative Dick et al. (2015, p. 320
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implementation of a design. Moseley
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One-to-One The one-to-one evaluatio
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Field Trial Summative Evaluation Th
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Stake’s Model Stake in 1969 creat
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the goal-free evaluator. Younker pr
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Conclusion Evaluation is the proces
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2. 3. 4. Draw a diagram of the iter
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References Boston, C. (2002). The c
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Youker, B. W. (2013). Goal-free eva
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these data. Historically, any neede
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student learning in a specific cont
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Build: Designing for Data, Instrume
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An open source software implementat
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assessments require students to App
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A Worked Example Lumen Learning, a
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learning outcome. This activity pro
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Part II Instructional Design Knowle
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16 Learning Theories Beth Oyarzun &
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evokes a specific functional reacti
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For example, if the desired learnin
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example of a cognitive constructivi
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Yourself (DIY) forum. You may also
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self-efficacy. Social cognitive the
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motivators can enhance self-determi
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Keller’s ARCS Model Within the mo
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and models helps guide your design
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Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and ed
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designers through the lenses of dif
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Formally linking instructional desi
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The instructional theory framework
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3. 4. 5. Precision, which reflects
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Using the Instructional Theory Fram
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Value Learning Experience Design Fu
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experience may undergo any number o
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Respect the Instructional Design Ir
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obsolete, to today’s mobile game-
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understand these terms, one’s des
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subject testing. Performance & Impr
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Research and Development, 62(1), 53
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Instructional-design theories and m
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19 The Nature and Use of Precedent
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that the benefits of this form of e
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employees to learn," or "minimal sc
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cases, there may be little to indic
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configurations, in which the design
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idea; "what if we put together some
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developing instruction, consider th
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The Noticing Journal The beginning
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simple, they were not called out in
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practice. European Journal of Marke
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Zimmerman, E. (2003). Play as resea
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Competency and Standard In this sec
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Instructional Design and Technology
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competencies to practitioners, rese
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Take a
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AECT certifies graduate certificate
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Authors Audience Research Method Te
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Application Exercises 1. 2. 3. 4. H
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the educational technologist multim
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21 Design Thinking Vanessa Svihla E
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advantage of them? If design thinki
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Additional Reading For another grea
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When designing with end-users, we g
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implications for the agency, and ev
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Risks and Pitfalls Associated with
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instance, consider the various appr
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ID models, approaches, practices an
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References Adams, R. S., Daly, S. R
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Muller, M. J., & Kuhn, S. (1993). P
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22 Robert Gagné and the Systematic
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Laboratory. He held multiple academ
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An example would be classifying mus
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of prior learning allows learners t
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had a process to follow, a blueprin
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consisting of the final evaluation
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each skill into its smallest step b
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War II to the rise of the systemati
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Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell,
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with an extensive knowledge and ski
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competencies (i.e., the integration
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highly‐structured knowledge, or c
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y employing modelling examples and
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to carry out those tasks up to stan
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To conclude, dealing with current a
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Janssen‐Noordman, A. M. B., van M
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24 Curriculum Design Processes Buck
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Curriculum design is a team sport.
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learning strategies that connect to
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Standards and competency frameworks
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Visit http://www.lxcanvas.com/ for
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Visit https://edtechbooks.org/-TTeu
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Figure 8 Conceptual Illustration of
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Learning Environment Modeling—A M
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In addition to curriculum design be
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essential skill for emerging educat
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feedback. This kind of static list
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ealize the key components of the ag
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Scrum Basics and Roles Watch on You
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Note. "The Agile PM Game (Aug '11)"
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process. There are many similaritie
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An Example of Scrum in Practice At
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with similar user stories. Tripp an
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Links and Resources Scrum Guide (A
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how your design may need to incorpo
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guide to scrum: The rules of the ga
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26 Designing Technology- Enhanced L
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technologies, such as a computer or
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Learning experiences are now design
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Collaborativism (Online Collaborati
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instructional methods with intentio
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Pedagogical Intent—A Set of Core
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PICRAT. However, a new model has be
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PICRAT for Effective Technology Int
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The research on CTML is quite exten
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Challenge #4: Time/Cost/Efficiency
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Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & C
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Koehler, M., & Mishra, P. (2009). W
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27 Designing Instructional Text Sha
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Towards a Theoretical Perspective T
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Principle 1: Simplify: Reduce Extra
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cameras, lecture recording, and liv
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Purpose and Placement of Instructio
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and norms. Figure 6 provides an exa
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emails are done with a short turnar
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Numbering Numbering aids in sequenc
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other”(p. 7). White space is nece
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This is 8px This is 10px This is 12
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Application Exercises Exercise 1 Re
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Education, 23(2), 243-265. Garrison
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28 Audio and Video Production for I
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Audio The most common lossless audi
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would be the highest quality. The b
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microphone. Condenser microphones h
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until you get to know your micropho
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The larger the room, the greater th
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Note. The top track is a voice trac
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yourself will help you work with pr
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Note. A more complete collection of
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Video Editing Tools Once the video
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the task on screen typically narrat
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transitions, it can be tempting to
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29 Using Visual and Graphic Element
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the manner in which they cause the
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An Organizational Picture Illustrat
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A Transformational Picture Using Mn
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the instructional techniques employ
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Google Image Search and the Usage R
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information is presented, such as s
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30 Simulations and Games Jeff Batt
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Video 1: How to Create a Watch Simu
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from their mistakes. The key here i
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Providing a theme has a couple of r
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This type of progression tool is al
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If the learner gets the question co
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information from one screen to anot
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Video 5: Using Triggers Watch on Vi
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Video 6: Understanding Conditions W
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31 Designing Informal Learning Envi
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If we use this as a guide to identi
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exploration and even learning throu
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Principle 4: Leverage the Benefits
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competition fueled their natural in
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Application Exercise For your refle
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ule/ Cordova, D. I., & Lepper, M. R
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32 The Design of Holistic Learning
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design way: Intentional change in a
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proposed that all instructional pro
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[the student] be changed by it). Ap
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Application Exercise Using the same
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33 Measuring Student Learning Lisa
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helps instructional designers incre
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Example Assessment Alignment Table
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Multiple-Choice Best Practice Guide
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Tips for Writing Higher Order Think
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High-Quality Examples 1. Proof 1: G
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Rubrics As discussed earlier in the
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descriptors below. Numerical Descri
Page 630 and 631: esults help instructional designers
Page 632 and 633: Table of Specifications Template Us
Page 634 and 635: 34 Working With Stakeholders and Cl
Page 636 and 637: are using that process. It's also i
Page 638 and 639: Scope of Work When beginning work o
Page 640 and 641: Once you agree on a file hosting se
Page 642 and 643: Not communicating expectations earl
Page 644 and 645: Catching plagiarism early is vital.
Page 646 and 647: Conclusion In this chapter we discu
Page 648 and 649: 35 Leading Project Teams Ashley Smi
Page 650 and 651: The Initiation phase encompasses al
Page 652 and 653: impact on the project. In many case
Page 654 and 655: There are always tradeoffs for ever
Page 656 and 657: (Rath, 2007, p. i). I have found wh
Page 658 and 659: Effective Strategies in Leading a T
Page 660 and 661: Communicating Effectively Don’t k
Page 662 and 663: Managing Conflicts Have crucial con
Page 664 and 665: from https://ebookcentral.proquest.
Page 666 and 667: design process, however. Designers
Page 668 and 669: The Stages of Roger's Implementatio
Page 670 and 671: definition of “long-term” can b
Page 672 and 673: Relative Advantage The concept of r
Page 674 and 675: Application Exercise You are an ins
Page 676 and 677: Design for Learning 676
Page 678 and 679: Jason K. McDonald Dr. Jason K. McDo
Page 682: McDonald, J. K. &West, R. E.(2021).
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