The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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Figure 5.3—Forest area as a percentage of total area across regions Source: MA 2010. The TEEB study observed that the conservation costs of biodiversity is cheaper in developing countries than in developed countries. The study also observed that conserving different types of biodiversity was cheaper than protecting just one form of biodiversity. However, the value of biodiversity in developing countries is low, suggesting that protecting biodiversity requires an arrangement to establish payment for ecosystem services. This is especially important, because the beneficiaries of biodiversity are always the local communities, national, and the global community. Overgrazing About one-quarter of Earth’s land surface is rangeland that is used by transhumant pastoral communities, which is estimated to consists of about 200 million households and to support about a billion head of cattle, camels, and small ruminants (FAO 2001; Nori et al. 2008. Overgrazing is an especially large problem in the rangelands in arid and semiarid areas. As shown in Table 5.2, livestock population has been declining in almost all rangeland zones due to the expansion of agriculture into rangelands, enclosures that limit the more sustainable transhumant livelihood, and road infrastructure. In Central Asia and Siberia in Russia, however, rangelands have expanded due to decollectivization. Table 5.2—Status, trend, and drivers of pastoral livestock population Region Sub-Saharan Major livestock type Status and trend of livestock population Africa Cattle, camel, sheep, goats Declining due to advancing agriculture Mediterranean Small ruminants Declining due to enclosure and advancing agriculture Near East Central Asia Small ruminants Declining in some areas due to enclosure and advancing agriculture India Camel, cattle, sheep, goats Declining due to advancing agriculture, but peri-urban livestock production expanding Central Asia Yak, camel, horse, sheep, goat Expanding following decollectivization Circumpolar Reindeer Expanding following decollectivization in Siberia, but under pressure in Scandinavia North America Sheep, cattle Declining with increased enclosure of land and alternative economic opportunities Andes Llama, alpaca Contracting llama production due to expansion of road systems and European-model livestock production, but expansion of alpaca wool production Source: Blench 1999. World Developing countries Eastern Asia Transition countries, … LAC & Carribean Oceania 0 20 40 60 80 % of forested area 96 2010 .
Pastoralists using rangelands have practiced transhumant livelihoods for centuries (see Figure 5.4). Past efforts to address overgrazing have been through campaigns to prevent transhumant livelihoods (Toulmin 2009), which has actually led to even more serious overgrazing due to the large herds owned by pastoralists and the low productivity potential of rangelands. Figure 5.4—Distribution of pastoralists Source: Nori and Davies 2007. Because the demand for livestock products is increasing, there is a great need to develop rangelands. Involving rangelands in the carbon market is one strategy that could be used to improve rangelands. Another key strategy is to develop local institutions to help manage rangelands. Stronger local institutions will help prevent wildfires, which are common in rangelands, as well as other forms of degradation. Drought The following are five important points in the action and mitigation against drought. Investment in Irrigation and Water Storage Investment in irrigation infrastructure helps reduce drought-related risks. For example, a study in India showed that investment in dams helped districts downstream of the dams to increase agricultural productivity, reduce vulnerability to rainfall shocks, and reduce poverty (Duflo and Pande 2007). As observed earlier, countries with a heavy reliance on rainfed agriculture are the most vulnerable; in addition, drought has severe impacts on livelihoods and economic growth. For example, in Sub- Saharan Africa, land area with irrigation potential is 42.5 million hectares, and yet only 12.2 million hectares, or 30 percent of the irrigable area, is irrigated (Foster and Briceño-Garmendia 2010). Globally, irrigated production accounts for 40 percent of total production but occupies only 17 percent of cultivated area (Foster and Briceño-Garmendia 2010). Despite the high frequency of drought, it’s devastating impact, and the large water availability, Sub-Saharan Africa water storage development is the lowest in the world (Figure 5.5). 97
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
Page 58 and 59: Migration, either as outmigration o
Page 60 and 61: The preceding discussion shows the
Page 62 and 63: Results Correlation Analysis Consis
Page 64 and 65: Figure 2.23—Relationship between
Page 66 and 67: Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
Page 68 and 69: soils and higher land productivity.
Page 70 and 71: Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
Page 72 and 73: health, education, security, enviro
Page 74 and 75: Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
Page 76 and 77: An appropriate economic tool for a
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
Page 80 and 81: enefit—for example, income. This
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
Page 84 and 85: Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
Page 86 and 87: Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
Page 88 and 89: land degradation and conservation m
Page 90 and 91: Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
Page 92 and 93: year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
Page 94 and 95: Bringing together the different cos
Page 96 and 97: This section discusses the most imp
Page 98 and 99: governing land use patterns (Leeman
Page 100 and 101: promotion of community forest manag
Page 102 and 103: Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
Page 104 and 105: Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
Page 106 and 107: that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113: Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115: Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 116 and 117: Third, to correctly decide which ac
Page 118 and 119: Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
Page 120 and 121: The NGOs and religious organization
Page 122 and 123: have a strong influence on NRM (And
Page 124 and 125: We estimated the cost of action (de
Page 126 and 127: Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
Page 128 and 129: Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131: 7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147: Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 148 and 149: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
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Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
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REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
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Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
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Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
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De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
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Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
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Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
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Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
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Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
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Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
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Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
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Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
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———. 2010. “Assessment of L
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RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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