The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis & Land: The World Food Crisis, Land Degradation, and Sustainable Land Management: Linkages, Opportunities, and Constraints.” German Organization for Technical Cooperation and TerrAfrica. www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/gtz2009-0196en-food-crisis-land.pdf. ———. 1992. "Credit Rationing and Farmers' Irrigation Investments in Rural South India: Theory and Evidence." Ph.D. Diss., Food Research Institute, Stanford University. Processed. Pender, J., E. Nkonya, P. Jagger, D. Sserunkuuma, and H. Ssali. 2006. “Strategies to Increase Agricultural Productivity and Reduce Land Degradation in Uganda: An Econometric Analysis.” In Strategies for Sustainable Land Management in the East African Highlands, edited by J. P. Pender and S. Ehui, S165– 190. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Pender, J. L., and B. Gebremedhin. 2006. “Land Management, Crop Production, and Household Income in the Highlands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: An Econometric Analysis.” In Strategies for Sustainable Land Management in the East African Highlands, edited by J. P. Pender and S. Ehui, S107–138. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Pender, J. L., and J. M. Kerr. 1998. “Determinants of Farmers’ Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation Investments in Semiarid India.” Agricultural Economics 19: 113–125. Pender, J.; Place, F. and S. Ehui. 2006. Strategies for Sustainable Land Management in the East African Highlands. Washington, D.C. International Food Policy Research Institute. Pender, J. L., C. Ringler, M. Magalhaes, and F. Place. 2009. “The Role of Sustainable Land Management for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa.” TerrAfrica. http://startinternational.org/library/items/show/5. Pimentel, D. 2006. “Soil Erosion: A Food and Environmental Threat.” Environment, Development, and Sustainability 8: 119–137. Pimentel, D., C. Wilson, C. McCullum, R. Huang, P. Dwen, J. Flack, Q. Tran, T. Saltman, and B. Cliff. 1997. “Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biodiversity.” BioScience 47(11): 747-757. Pimentel, D., C. Harvey, P. Resosudarmo, K. Sinclair, D. Kurz, M. McNair, et al. 1995. “Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits.” Science 267: 1117–1123. Pitman, M. and A. Läuchli. 2004. Global Impact of Salinity and Agricultural Ecosystems. In: Läuchli, A. and U. Lüttge (editors): Salinity: Environment - Plants – Molecules. p.3-20. Place, F., and T. Hazell. 1993. “Productivity Effects on Indigenous Land Tenure Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75 (1): 10–19. Place, F., and K. Otsuka. 2002. “Land Tenure Systems and Their Impacts on Agricultural Investments and Productivity in Uganda.” Journal of Development Studies 38(6): 105–128. Platteau, J. P. 1996. “The Evolutionary Theory of Land Rights as Applied to Sub-Saharan Africa. A Critical Assessment.” Development and Change 27 (1): 29–86. Posthumus, H., and J. de Graaf. 2005. “Cost-benefit Analysis of Bench Terraces: A Case Study in Peru.” Land Degradation and Development 16: 1–11. Pretty, J. B., C. Brett, D. Gee, R.E. Hine, C.F. Mason,J.I.L. Morison, H. Raven, M.D. Rayment, and G. van der Bijl 2000. “An Assessment of the Total External Costs of UK agriculture.” Agricultural Systems 65 (2): 113– 136. Prince, S. 1991. “A Model of Regional Primary Production for Use with Coarse-Resolution Satellite Data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 12: 1313–1330. Prince, S., I. Becker-Reshef, and K. Rishmawi. 2009. “Detection and Mapping of Long-Term Land Degradation Using Local Net Production Scaling: Application to Zimbabwe.” Remote Sensing of Environment 113: 1046–1057. Prince, S., K. Wessels, C. Tucker, and S. Nicholson. 2007. “Desertification in the Sahel: a reinterpretation of a reinterpretation.” Global Change Biology 13: 1308–1313. 164
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
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Migration, either as outmigration o
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The preceding discussion shows the
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Results Correlation Analysis Consis
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Figure 2.23—Relationship between
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Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
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soils and higher land productivity.
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Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
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health, education, security, enviro
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Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
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An appropriate economic tool for a
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Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
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enefit—for example, income. This
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Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
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Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
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Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
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land degradation and conservation m
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Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
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year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
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Bringing together the different cos
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This section discusses the most imp
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governing land use patterns (Leeman
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promotion of community forest manag
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Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
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Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
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that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
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Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
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Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
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Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
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Salinity The effects of salinity on
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Third, to correctly decide which ac
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Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
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The NGOs and religious organization
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have a strong influence on NRM (And
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We estimated the cost of action (de
Page 126 and 127: Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
Page 128 and 129: Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131: 7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147: Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 148 and 149: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159: Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
Page 162 and 163: Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165: Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
Page 166 and 167: De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
Page 168 and 169: Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
Page 170 and 171: Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
Page 172 and 173: Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
Page 174 and 175: Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
Page 178 and 179: Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
Page 180 and 181: Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
Page 182 and 183: ———. 2010. “Assessment of L
Page 187 and 188: RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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