The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in eastern and southern Africa, 1981–2003 Source: ISRIC – World Soil Information, 2008 In GLADA, only simple correlation analysis with land degradation was applied. For example, the positive association between population density and land degradation does not control for many other factors that could simultaneously affect land degradation. The study also did not attempt to analyze other factors that could affect land degradation, even though it generated pixel-level socioeconomic data that could be used to analyze the effect of socioeconomic drivers of land degradation; such analysis would help in understanding the required policies and strategies for addressing land degradation. Furthermore, the study did not evaluate the cost of land degradation and the benefits of preventing land degradation and rehabilitating degraded lands. The simple relationship of yield and land degradation is likely to be masked by other practices used to increase productivity in degraded areas. For example, we examined the yield trend in African countries that experienced the most severe loss of NPP reported by GLADA (Figure 2.7) and observed an upward trend of major cereals in eastern and southern Africa and in Cameroon (Figures 2.8–2.10). Figure 2.8—Yield trend of major cereals in southern Africa, 1981–2009 Yield, tons/ha 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Source: FAOSTAT. Note: nes = not elsewhere specified. y = -0.003x + 0.343 square kilometer, while the average population density in Sub-Saharan Africa is 35 people per square kilometer. 22 y = 0.089x + 1.094 y = 0.012x + 1.212 y = 0.001x + 0.621 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Cereals, nes Maize Millet Rice, paddy .
Figure 2.9—Yield trend of major cereals in eastern Africa, 1981–2009 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Source: FAOSTAT. Figure 2.10—Cereal yield trend in Cameroon, 1981–2009 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Source: FAOSTAT. The major reason behind the increasing yields in eastern and southern Africa and Cameroon is an increase in the use of improved seeds and fertilizer. Excluding South Africa and Zimbabwe in southern Africa, nitrogen application rates increased by about 10 percent from 2002–2004 to 2005– 2006 in countries that showed severe land degradation (Table 2.2). Investments in infrastructure and other rural development programs have also been key to Africa’s fast growth in the past decade (Foster and Briceño-Garmendia 2010). 23 y = 0.002x + 1.329 y = 0.003x + 0.825 y = 0.016x + 1.717 y = 0.002x + 0.923 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Cereals Maize Millet Rice, paddy y = 0.03x + 0.92 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 . .
Page 1 and 2: IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
Page 3 and 4: Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
Page 9 and 10: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
Page 11: SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
Page 14 and 15: In the present report, the conceptu
Page 16 and 17: Framework: Confronting Action versu
Page 18 and 19: understand these arrangements in or
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
Page 22 and 23: on assessments at the micro level (
Page 24 and 25: does not clearly distinguish betwee
Page 26 and 27: Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
Page 28 and 29: International Earth Science Informa
Page 30 and 31: Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
Page 40 and 41: output—which is a selection of su
Page 42 and 43: GLADIS also underlines the linkage
Page 44 and 45: Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
Page 46 and 47: Table 2.3—Global land degradation
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
Page 52 and 53: Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
Page 54 and 55: National Level Policies As discusse
Page 56 and 57: Such support has also been directed
Page 58 and 59: Migration, either as outmigration o
Page 60 and 61: The preceding discussion shows the
Page 62 and 63: Results Correlation Analysis Consis
Page 64 and 65: Figure 2.23—Relationship between
Page 66 and 67: Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
Page 68 and 69: soils and higher land productivity.
Page 70 and 71: Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
Page 72 and 73: health, education, security, enviro
Page 74 and 75: Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
Page 76 and 77: An appropriate economic tool for a
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
Page 80 and 81: enefit—for example, income. This
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
Page 84 and 85:
Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
Page 86 and 87:
Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
Page 88 and 89:
land degradation and conservation m
Page 90 and 91:
Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
Page 92 and 93:
year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
Page 94 and 95:
Bringing together the different cos
Page 96 and 97:
This section discusses the most imp
Page 98 and 99:
governing land use patterns (Leeman
Page 100 and 101:
promotion of community forest manag
Page 102 and 103:
Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
Page 104 and 105:
Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
Page 106 and 107:
that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113:
Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115:
Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 116 and 117:
Third, to correctly decide which ac
Page 118 and 119:
Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
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The NGOs and religious organization
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have a strong influence on NRM (And
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We estimated the cost of action (de
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Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
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Of interest to us is the strategy t
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7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
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degradation. All this should be don
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Finally, the global assessment of D
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the experience of and lessons learn
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Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
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8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
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lowest in the region. From a socioe
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Table A.1—Land degradation assess
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Table A.2—Continued Author Region
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Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159:
Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161:
REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
Page 162 and 163:
Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165:
Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
Page 166 and 167:
De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
Page 168 and 169:
Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
Page 170 and 171:
Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
Page 172 and 173:
Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
Page 174 and 175:
Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
Page 176 and 177:
Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
Page 178 and 179:
Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
Page 180 and 181:
Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
Page 182 and 183:
———. 2010. “Assessment of L
Page 187 and 188:
RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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