The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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Table A.3—Continued Author Country Degradation process Hansen and Hellerstein 2007 Nkonya et al. 2008b Richards 1997, 24 Bolivia—Taquina watershed Feather, Hellerstein, and Hansen 1999 Source: Author’s compilation. United States Soil erosion Marginal benefit of a 1-ton reduction in soil erosion Kenya Soil erosion, loss of vegetation Type of off-site cost Off-site cost Unit Note Carbon sequestration, siltation (cost of treatment and purification of water) 138 0–1.38 US$ 24 KES per hectare Soil erosion Flood prevention 2.30 US-Mil. $ Annual benefit from year 7–50 after installment of conservation measures Aquifer recharge 7.80 US-Mil. $ Annual benefit from years 7–20 after installment of conservation measures United States Soil erosion Recreation 80 US$ million Benefit Wildlife viewing 348 US$ million Benefit Hunting 36 US$ million Benefit
Table A.4—Review of studies estimating the net present value (NPV) of returns to different conservation measures (in chronological order) Author Country Area Conservation measure Lutz, Pagiola, and Reiche 1994 Partap and Watson 1994 Bishop and Allen 1989 Costa Rica Barva Diversion ditches Dominican Republic Crop Discount rate 139 Time horizon (years) NPV Unit Note Soil erosion with conservation Coffee 0.2 –920 US$ Net gains Tierra Diversion Potato 0.2 –3,440 US$ Net gains Blanca ditches Turrubares Diversion ditches Coco yam 0.2 1,110 US$ Net gain Turrubares Terraces Coco yam 0.2 4,140 US$ Net gains El Naranjal Diversion ditches Pigeon peas, peanuts, beans 0.2 –132 US$ Net gains Guatemala Patzité Terraces Corn 0.2 –156 US$ Net gains Haiti Maissade Ramp pay Corn, sorghum 0.2 1,180 US$ Maissade Rock walls Corn, sorghum 0.2 956 US$ Net gains Honduras Tatumbla Diversion ditches Corn 0.2 909 US$ Net gains Honduras Yorito Diversion ditches Corn 0.2 83 US$ Net gains Panama Coclé Terraces Rice, corn, yucca beans 0.2 34 US$ Net gains Philippines Hedgerow Corn 0.10 6 61 US$ per hectare 0.05 6 230 US$ per hectare Mali Nationwide 0.1 10 31 US$ million Pagiola 1996 Kenya Kitiu District Terraces Maize– beans intercropping 0.1 50 Distribution of revenues over time Impact of soil loss on yield (beta) = 0.004 Net gain depending on slope (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) Soil erosion without conservation
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
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Migration, either as outmigration o
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The preceding discussion shows the
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Results Correlation Analysis Consis
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Figure 2.23—Relationship between
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Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
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soils and higher land productivity.
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Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
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health, education, security, enviro
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Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
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An appropriate economic tool for a
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Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
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enefit—for example, income. This
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Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
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Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
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Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
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land degradation and conservation m
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Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
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year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
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Bringing together the different cos
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This section discusses the most imp
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governing land use patterns (Leeman
Page 100 and 101: promotion of community forest manag
Page 102 and 103: Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
Page 104 and 105: Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
Page 106 and 107: that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113: Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115: Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 116 and 117: Third, to correctly decide which ac
Page 118 and 119: Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
Page 120 and 121: The NGOs and religious organization
Page 122 and 123: have a strong influence on NRM (And
Page 124 and 125: We estimated the cost of action (de
Page 126 and 127: Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
Page 128 and 129: Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131: 7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147: Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 148 and 149: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159: Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
Page 162 and 163: Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165: Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
Page 166 and 167: De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
Page 168 and 169: Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
Page 170 and 171: Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
Page 172 and 173: Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
Page 174 and 175: Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
Page 176 and 177: Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
Page 178 and 179: Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
Page 180 and 181: Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
Page 182 and 183: ———. 2010. “Assessment of L
Page 187 and 188: RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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