The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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Third, to correctly decide which action should be undertaken, we should also have obtained information on the costs of addressing the different types of degradation. From these simulations, it appears that the most pressing issue is salinity on wheat and that resources should first be devoted to mending this problem. Niger Soil nutrient depletion, overgrazing, salinity in irrigated plots, and deforestation are major problems in Niger. Due to limited rainfall and relatively flat terrain, water-induced soil erosion is limited in Niger. However, wind erosion is a major problem (Sterk 2003). However, we did not estimate the impact of wind erosion due to a lack of data. Niger is among the case study countries with limited use of fertilizer (Figure 6.5). On average, less than 1 kilogram per hectare of nitrogen or phosphorus is used on crop plots. Figure 6.5—Trend of fertilizer use in Kenya and Niger Source: Authors calculations based on simulation results. As shown in Table 6.4, use of organic soil fertility management practices is also limited. Six percent of households used mulching, and only 1 percent used manure. Adoption rates of all other land management practices were less than 1 percent, which underscores the severity of soil nutrient depletion in Niger. Table 6.4—Adoption rates of land management practices in Kenya and Niger Variable Kenya Niger Fertilizer and organic soil fertility % adoption 33.0 0 Animal manure 68.0 1.0 Fertilizer 36.4 0.1 Improved fallow 4.9 0.6 Crop residue incorporation 34.4 0.1 Mulching 35.2 6.4 Rotational grazing 7.5 0.4 Water harvesting Source: Nkonya et al (2011). 17.2 0.4 104 .
We selected sorghum, millet, and rice production and estimated the loss of profit due to using only crop residues. We compared this land-degrading practice with the use of 40 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare, 1.67 tons of manure per hectare, and the incorporation of 50 percent of crop residues. Our results (Figure 6.6), show the loss of profit due to the use of land-degrading practices. Figure 6.6—Loss of profit due to soil nutrient depletion, Niger Loss of profit (US$ million) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 6 113 Source: Authors’ calculations based on simulation. Rice Millet Sorghum The transhumant pastoral system is dominated by the Fulani and the Tuareg (Wane 2005), and overgrazing is a major problem in the Sahelian zone, where the largest share of livestock population is located. Although relatively lower than in other case study countries, the stocking rate in Niger is increasing (Figure 6.7). Figure 6.7—Trend of livestock units per pasture area in case study countries Source: FAOSTAT. Notes: TLU = tropical livestock unit. TLU is based on a standard animal with a live weight of 250 kilograms. Conversion factor to TLU for livestock: cow = 0.9 TLU; goat or sheep = 0.20 TLU (Defoer et al. 2000). We estimated the effect of overgrazing for Niger using Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) simulation model. The results show that overgrazing reduces forage yield by 32 percent. A study in the United States found that rotational grazing, as compared with continuous grazing, increased beef gain per unit area by 35–61 percent and the profit from milk by 61 percent (Henning et al. 2000). Walton, Martinez, and Bailey (1981) also found a 63.5 percent weight gain of cows due to rotational grazing. To obtain a conservative estimate, we assumed that overgrazing reduces carcass live weight and milk production by 32 percent. 105 157 . .
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
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Migration, either as outmigration o
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The preceding discussion shows the
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Results Correlation Analysis Consis
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Figure 2.23—Relationship between
Page 66 and 67: Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
Page 68 and 69: soils and higher land productivity.
Page 70 and 71: Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
Page 72 and 73: health, education, security, enviro
Page 74 and 75: Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
Page 76 and 77: An appropriate economic tool for a
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
Page 80 and 81: enefit—for example, income. This
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
Page 84 and 85: Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
Page 86 and 87: Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
Page 88 and 89: land degradation and conservation m
Page 90 and 91: Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
Page 92 and 93: year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
Page 94 and 95: Bringing together the different cos
Page 96 and 97: This section discusses the most imp
Page 98 and 99: governing land use patterns (Leeman
Page 100 and 101: promotion of community forest manag
Page 102 and 103: Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
Page 104 and 105: Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
Page 106 and 107: that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113: Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115: Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 118 and 119: Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
Page 120 and 121: The NGOs and religious organization
Page 122 and 123: have a strong influence on NRM (And
Page 124 and 125: We estimated the cost of action (de
Page 126 and 127: Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
Page 128 and 129: Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131: 7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147: Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 148 and 149: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159: Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
Page 162 and 163: Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165: Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
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De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
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Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
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Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
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Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
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Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
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Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
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Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
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Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
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———. 2010. “Assessment of L
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The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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