The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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Figure 6.15—Costs of action and inaction to address soil nutrient mining for selected crops, Kenya Cost (US$/ha) 250 200 150 100 50 0 Cost of inaction Cost of action 85 54 Source: Calculated from simulation results. Off-Site Impact of Soil Erosion 212 192 Nkonya et al. (2008b) estimated the off-site cost of soil erosion in Kenya using a potable water dam supplying water to Nairobi. Box 6.1 shows that the cost of siltation of the water dam was about $127 million, or about $1,000 per square kilometer of the watershed area. The high off-site cost of siltation underscores the need for designing locally based payment for ecosystem services, in which land users upstream could be given an incentive by downstream communities and businesses to prevent soil erosion. In broader terms, cooperation between upstream and downstream communities is likely to enhance better land management practices. Box 6.1—Sasumua water treatment plant (Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company Ltd.) 114 74 103 Maize Rice Sorghum The Sasumua water treatment plant supplies 1.972 million cubic meters of water per month to Nairobi during the rainy season. The Sasumua dam receives water from the Chania river, which has a catchment of about 128 square kilometers. Deforestation and other forms of land degradation upstream have led to an increase of sedimentation in the Sasumua dam, which has increased the dredging and purification costs. The Sasumua water treatment has seen decreasing water quality and has taken steps to address some of these problems: 1. Higher turbidity due to solids, such as soil, crop residues, animal droppings, and so on—This is addressed by using alum, a coagulant that helps purify water. 2. Higher bacterial count—This is addressed by chlorination. 3. pH increases—The treatment plant does not address this problem. 4. Coloration 5. Agrochemicals loading—This problem is not addressed. Comparing treatment costs of 1995 and 2005, water treatment for the wet season lasting seven months has changed, as shown in the table below. Type of cost Additional cost (US$) Alum (coagulant) 74,499 Chlorination 2,129 Sludge removal (backwash) 5,525 Dredging costs 44,872 Total additional cost 127,025 Source: Nkonya et al. 2008b. .
Success Stories of Kenya Kenya is one of the few African countries in which agricultural policies have been conducive to the agricultural sector. Kenya spent about 1.43 percent of agricultural GDP on research and development, which is almost twice Sub-Saharan Africa’s level of 0.7 percent (Beintema and Stads 2004; Flaherty et al. 2008). Crop breeding and research in other management practices contributed to the increased crop yield (Smale and Jayne 2008). Cereal productivity increased about 0.042 tons per hectare, which is exactly twice the growth in comparison to the next highest yield (excluding South Africa) increase in West Africa (Figure 6.16). The open market policies followed by Kenya since its independence have also fostered competitive markets, which have provided incentives for farmers to invest in agriculture. Figure 6.16—Cereal yield trend in Kenya compared to Sub-Saharan Africa’s regional yields Source: FAOSTAT. With virtually no fertilizer subsidy, adoption rates of soil fertility management practices in Kenya have been quite high compared with other countries. For example, Kenya applied the sixth largest amount of nitrogen in Sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 6.17). Figure 6.17—Nitrogen fertilizer application per hectare in Sub-Saharan African countries kgN/ha 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Niger DRC Congo Uganda Burundi Eritrea Guinea Rwanda Gabon Madagascar Namibia Angola Togo Ghana Ethiopia Mozambique Senegal Sudan Côte d'Ivoire Seychelles Tanzania Cameroon Burkina Faso Gambia Nigeria Kenya Zimbabwe Malawi Zambia South Africa Source: FASOSTAT data. 115 .
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
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Migration, either as outmigration o
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The preceding discussion shows the
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Results Correlation Analysis Consis
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Figure 2.23—Relationship between
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Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
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soils and higher land productivity.
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Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
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health, education, security, enviro
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Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
Page 76 and 77: An appropriate economic tool for a
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
Page 80 and 81: enefit—for example, income. This
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
Page 84 and 85: Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
Page 86 and 87: Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
Page 88 and 89: land degradation and conservation m
Page 90 and 91: Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
Page 92 and 93: year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
Page 94 and 95: Bringing together the different cos
Page 96 and 97: This section discusses the most imp
Page 98 and 99: governing land use patterns (Leeman
Page 100 and 101: promotion of community forest manag
Page 102 and 103: Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
Page 104 and 105: Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
Page 106 and 107: that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113: Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115: Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 116 and 117: Third, to correctly decide which ac
Page 118 and 119: Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
Page 120 and 121: The NGOs and religious organization
Page 122 and 123: have a strong influence on NRM (And
Page 124 and 125: We estimated the cost of action (de
Page 128 and 129: Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131: 7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147: Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 148 and 149: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159: Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
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Page 164 and 165: Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
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Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
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Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
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Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
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———. 2010. “Assessment of L
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