The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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———. 2010. “Assessment of Land Degradation, Its Possible Causes, and Threat to Food Security in Subsaharan Africa.” In Food Security and Soil Quality, edited by R. Lal and B. A. Stewart, 57–86. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Vlek P.L., G. Rodriguez-Kuhl and R. Sommer. 2004. “Energy Use and CO2 Production in Tropical Agriculture and Means and Strategies for Reduction or Mitigation.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 6: 213–233. Von Braun, J., H. de Haen, and J. Blanken. 1991. Commercialization of Agriculture under Population Pressure: Effects on Production, Consumption, and Nutrition in Rwanda. IFPRI Research Report 85. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Von Braun, J., Z. Teklu, and P. Webb. 1998. Famine in Africa: Causes, Responses, and Prevention. International Food Policy Research Institute. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Voortman, R. L., B. G. Sonneveld, and M. A. Keyzer. 2000. African Land Ecology: Opportunities and Constraints for Agricultural Development. Center for International Development Working Paper 37. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: Harvard University Vos F., J. Rodriguez, R. Below, and D. Guha-Sapir. 2010. Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2009. The Numbers and Trends. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Brussels, Belgium. Vosti, S. A., and T. Reardon. 1997. Sustainability, Growth, and Poverty Alleviation. A Policy and Agroecological Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Walker, T., and J. Ryan. 1990. Village and Household Economies in India's Semi-Arid Tropics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Wallace, K. J. 2007. “Classification of Ecosystem Services: Problems and Solutions.” Biological Conservation 139: 235–246. Walker, D. J. 1982. “A Damage Function to Evaluate Erosion Control Economics.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 64:690-98. Walsh, K.N. and M. Rowe. 2001, Biodiversity Increases Ecosystems’ Ability to Absorb CO2 and Nitrogen, www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/2001bnlpr041101.htm. Walton P., R. Martinez, and A. Bailey. 1981. “A Comparison of Continuous and Rotational Grazing.” Journal of Range Management 34 (1): 19–21. Wane A. 2005. “Marchés de Bétail du Ferlo (Sahel sénégalais) et Comportements des Ménages Pastoraux.” Colloque Société Francaise D´Economie Rurale (SFER), Montpellier, France, November 7–9. Warren, A. 2002. “Land Degradation Is Contextual.” Land Degradation and Development 13: 449–459. Way, S. A. 2006. “Examining the Links between Poverty and Land Degradation: From Blaming the Poor toward Recognizing the Rights of the Poor.” In Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty, and Participation, edited by P. Johnson, K. Mayrand, & M. Paquin, 27–41. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. WDPA (World Database on Protected Areas). 2008. www.wdpa.org/. Webster, M., J. Ginnetti, P. Walker, D. Coppard, and R. Kent. 2008. The Humanitarian Costs of Climate Change. Strengthening the Humanity and Dignity of People in Crisis through Knowledge and Practice. Medford, MA: Feinstein International Center, Tufts University. Wessels, K. 2009. “Comments on ‘Proxy Global Assessments of Land Degradation’ by Bai et al. 2008.” Soil Use and Management: 91–92. Wessels, K., S. Prince, J. Malherbe, J. Small, P. Frost, and D. Van Zyl. 2007. “Can Human-Induced Land Degradation Be Distinguished from the Effects of Rainfall Variability? A Case Study in South Africa.” Journal of Arid Environments 68: 271–297. Whitaker, B. E. 1999. Changing Opportunities: Refugees and Host Communities in Western Tanzania. Journal of Humanitarian Assistance Working Paper 11. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 170
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
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Migration, either as outmigration o
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The preceding discussion shows the
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Results Correlation Analysis Consis
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Figure 2.23—Relationship between
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Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
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soils and higher land productivity.
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Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
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health, education, security, enviro
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Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
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An appropriate economic tool for a
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Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
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enefit—for example, income. This
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Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
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Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
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Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
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land degradation and conservation m
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Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
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year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
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Bringing together the different cos
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This section discusses the most imp
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governing land use patterns (Leeman
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promotion of community forest manag
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Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
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Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
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that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
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Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
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Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
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Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
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Salinity The effects of salinity on
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Third, to correctly decide which ac
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Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
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The NGOs and religious organization
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have a strong influence on NRM (And
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We estimated the cost of action (de
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Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
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Of interest to us is the strategy t
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7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147: Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 148 and 149: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159: Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
Page 162 and 163: Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165: Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
Page 166 and 167: De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
Page 168 and 169: Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
Page 170 and 171: Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
Page 172 and 173: Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
Page 174 and 175: Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
Page 176 and 177: Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
Page 178 and 179: Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
Page 180 and 181: Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
Page 187 and 188: RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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