The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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Table A.3—Continued Author Country Degradation process Pimentel et al. 1995 Type of off-site cost Off-site cost Unit Note United States Water erosion Recreational 2,440.0 US$ million per year On- and off-site costs of erosion in United Water-storage facilities 841.8 US$ million per year States: US$44 billion per year or $100/ha Navigation 683.2 US$ million per year Other in-stream uses 1,09.08 US$ million per year Flood damages 939.4 US$ million per year Water-conveyance facilities 244.0 US$ million per year Water-treatment facilities 122.0 US$ million per year Other off-stream uses 976.0 US$ million per year Wind erosion Exterior paint 18.5 US$ million per year Landscaping 2,894.0 US$ million per year Automobiles 134.6 US$ million per year Interior, laundry 986.0 US$ million per year Health 5,371.0 US$ million per year Recreation 223.2 US$ million per year Road maintenance 1.2 US$ million per year Cost to business 3.5 US$ million per year Cost to irrigation and conservation districts 136 0.1 US$ million per year Pretty 2000, 124 United Kingdom Soil erosion Damage to roads and property 4.00 Million pounds Calculated for various Traffic accidents Footpath loss 0.10 1.19 Million pounds Million pounds off- and in-stream damages Channel degradation 8.47 Million pounds
Table A.3—Continued Author Country Degradation process Krausse et al. 2001 Hansen et al. 2002, 211 Vieth, Gunatilake, and Cox 2001, 145 Tegtmeier and Duffy 2004, 4 Colombo et al. 2005 Type of off-site cost Off-site cost Unit Note New Zealand Soil erosion Sedimentation 27.4 NZ-Mil. $ Calculated for various off- and in-stream damages; in 1998 dollars United States Erosion Dredging 257 US$ million per year In 1998 dollars; not included: sediment dredged by lake or ocean action Sri Lanka – Upper Mahareli Watershed Soil erosion Reduction in irrigated area 0.080 US-Mil. $ In 1993 dollars Reduction in hydropower production 0.288 Mil. $ In 1993 dollars Cost of water purification 0.080 Mil. $ In 1993 dollars United States Soil erosion Cost to water industry 277.0–831.1 US$ million In 2002 dollars Spain—Andalusian region Cost to replace lost capacity of reservoirs 241.8–6,044.5 US$ million In 2002 dollars Water-conveyance costs 268.0–790.0 US$ million In 2002 dollars Flood damages 190.0–548.8 US$ million In 2002 dollars Damage to recreational activities 540.1–3,183.7 US$ million In 2002 dollars Cost to navigation (shipping damage, dredging) 304.0–338.6 US$ million In 2002 dollars In-stream impacts (fisheries, preservation value) 242.2–1,218.3 US$ million In 2002 dollars Off-stream impacts (industrial uses, steam power plants) 197.6–439.7 US$ million In 2002 dollars Soil erosion Landscape desertification: small/medium improvement 17.428–22.88 Euro Implicit price Surface and groundwater quality: medium/high quality 21.865–29.352 Euro Flora and fauna quality: improvement to medium/good quality 14.992–17.765 Euro Jobs created (number) 0.102 Euro 137
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
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Migration, either as outmigration o
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The preceding discussion shows the
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Results Correlation Analysis Consis
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Figure 2.23—Relationship between
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Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
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soils and higher land productivity.
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Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
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health, education, security, enviro
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Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
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An appropriate economic tool for a
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Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
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enefit—for example, income. This
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Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
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Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
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Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
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land degradation and conservation m
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Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
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year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
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Bringing together the different cos
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This section discusses the most imp
Page 98 and 99: governing land use patterns (Leeman
Page 100 and 101: promotion of community forest manag
Page 102 and 103: Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
Page 104 and 105: Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
Page 106 and 107: that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113: Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115: Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 116 and 117: Third, to correctly decide which ac
Page 118 and 119: Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
Page 120 and 121: The NGOs and religious organization
Page 122 and 123: have a strong influence on NRM (And
Page 124 and 125: We estimated the cost of action (de
Page 126 and 127: Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
Page 128 and 129: Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131: 7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147: Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 150 and 151: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159: Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
Page 162 and 163: Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165: Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
Page 166 and 167: De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
Page 168 and 169: Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
Page 170 and 171: Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
Page 172 and 173: Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
Page 174 and 175: Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
Page 176 and 177: Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
Page 178 and 179: Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
Page 180 and 181: Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
Page 182 and 183: ———. 2010. “Assessment of L
Page 187 and 188: RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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