The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) was established in 1975. IFPRI is one of 15 agricultural research centers that receive principal funding from governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations, most of which are members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). PARTNERS AND CONTRIBUTORS IFPRI gratefully acknowledges the generous unrestricted funding from Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the World Bank. AUTHORS Ephraim Nkonya, International Food Policy Research Institute Senior Research Fellow, Environment and Production Technology Division Nicolas Gerber, Center for Development Research (ZEF) University of Bonn Philipp Baumgartner, Center for Development Research (ZEF) University of Bonn Joachim von Braun, Center for Development Research (ZEF) University of Bonn Alex De Pinto, International Food Policy Research Institute Research Fellow, Environment and Production Technology Division Valerie Graw, Center for Development Research (ZEF) University of Bonn Edward Kato, International Food Policy Research Institute Research Analyst, Environment and Production Technology Division Julia Kloos, Center for Development Research (ZEF) University of Bonn Teresa Walter, University of Hohenheim Department of Land Use Economics in the Tropics and Subtropics Formerly with the Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn) Notices 1 IFPRI Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have been peer reviewed, but have not been subject to a formal external review via IFPRI’s Publications Review Committee. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment; any opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of IFPRI. 2. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the map(s) herein do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) or its partners and contributors. Copyright 2011 International Food Policy Research Institute. All rights reserved. Sections of this material may be reproduced for personal and not-for-profit use without the express written permission of but with acknowledgment to IFPRI. To reproduce the material contained herein for profit or commercial use requires express written permission. To obtain permission, contact the Communications Division at ifpri-copyright@cgiar.org.
Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgments viii Abbreviations and Acronyms ix 1. Introduction 1 2. Assessment of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought 11 3. Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought 59 4. Actors, Incentives, and Institutions Governing Land Management 83 5. Actions for Improvements 91 6. Case Studies 100 7. Partnership Concept 118 8. Conclusions 128 Appendix A: Supplementary Tables 132 Appendix B: Supplementary Figures 146 References 148 iii
Page 1: IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
Page 9 and 10: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
Page 11: SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
Page 14 and 15: In the present report, the conceptu
Page 16 and 17: Framework: Confronting Action versu
Page 18 and 19: understand these arrangements in or
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
Page 22 and 23: on assessments at the micro level (
Page 24 and 25: does not clearly distinguish betwee
Page 26 and 27: Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
Page 28 and 29: International Earth Science Informa
Page 30 and 31: Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
Page 40 and 41: output—which is a selection of su
Page 42 and 43: GLADIS also underlines the linkage
Page 44 and 45: Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
Page 46 and 47: Table 2.3—Global land degradation
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
Page 52 and 53:
Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
Page 54 and 55:
National Level Policies As discusse
Page 56 and 57:
Such support has also been directed
Page 58 and 59:
Migration, either as outmigration o
Page 60 and 61:
The preceding discussion shows the
Page 62 and 63:
Results Correlation Analysis Consis
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 2.23—Relationship between
Page 66 and 67:
Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
Page 68 and 69:
soils and higher land productivity.
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Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
Page 72 and 73:
health, education, security, enviro
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Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
Page 76 and 77:
An appropriate economic tool for a
Page 78 and 79:
Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
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enefit—for example, income. This
Page 82 and 83:
Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
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Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
Page 86 and 87:
Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
Page 88 and 89:
land degradation and conservation m
Page 90 and 91:
Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
Page 92 and 93:
year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
Page 94 and 95:
Bringing together the different cos
Page 96 and 97:
This section discusses the most imp
Page 98 and 99:
governing land use patterns (Leeman
Page 100 and 101:
promotion of community forest manag
Page 102 and 103:
Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
Page 104 and 105:
Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
Page 106 and 107:
that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113:
Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115:
Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 116 and 117:
Third, to correctly decide which ac
Page 118 and 119:
Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
Page 120 and 121:
The NGOs and religious organization
Page 122 and 123:
have a strong influence on NRM (And
Page 124 and 125:
We estimated the cost of action (de
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Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
Page 128 and 129:
Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131:
7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133:
degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135:
Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137:
the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139:
Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141:
8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143:
lowest in the region. From a socioe
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Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147:
Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 148 and 149:
Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159:
Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161:
REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
Page 162 and 163:
Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165:
Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
Page 166 and 167:
De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
Page 168 and 169:
Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
Page 170 and 171:
Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
Page 172 and 173:
Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
Page 174 and 175:
Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
Page 176 and 177:
Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
Page 178 and 179:
Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
Page 180 and 181:
Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
Page 182 and 183:
———. 2010. “Assessment of L
Page 187 and 188:
RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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