The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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Table A.2—Continued Author Region Methods Used Prince et al. 2007 Africa—Sahel Using RUE to describe the difficulty of estimating the RUE for nondegraded land at a regional scale. Answer to the article by Hein and de Ridder (2006). Hill et al. 2008 European Mediterranean Adaptation of the syndrome approach to the Iberian peninsula. Characterization of vegetation dynamics based Helldén and Tottrup 2008 Omuto and Vargas 2009 Mediterranean basin, Sahel from the Atlantic to the Red Sea, major parts of drylands in Southern Africa, China- Mongolia, and South America, on NDVI U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) AVHRR. NOAA AVHRR data for desertification monitoring over a regional and global level; Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies 8-kilometer global NDVI dataset; rainfall dataset for 1981–2003 Somalia, Northwest Risk of soil loss in northwestern Somalia; testing the use of pedometrics, remote sensing (Landsat ETM+ imagery), limited field data collection, and revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) Gao and Liu 2010 China—Tongyu County, Northeast China Monitoring land cover changes with satellite imagery. Change detection between data from 1992 and 2002. Source: Authors compilation. Notes: a Bare soils show a higher reflectance in the visible bands, while green vegetation strongly absorbs it. This method can be useful in assessing wind degradation by the movement of sand dunes. 134
Table A.3—Review of studies estimating off-site costs of land degradation (in chronological order) Author Country Degradation process Type of off-site cost Off-site cost Unit Note Clark 1985 Soil erosion Total off-stream damage 1,100–3,100 US$ million in 1980 dollars Cruz et al. 1988 Philippines— Pantabangan Reservoir Magrath and Arens 1989 Philippines—Magat Reservoir Total in-stream damage 2,100–10,000 US$ million in 1980 dollars Soil erosion Reduction in service life of reservoir 1.11 Philippine pesos per hectare Reduction in active storage and irrigation 12.99 Philippine pesos per hectare Reduction in active storage and hydropower 135 2.91 Philippine pesos per hectare Opportunity cost of dead storage for irrigation 575.55 Philippine pesos per hectare Soil erosion Reduction in service life of reservoir 0.1 Philippine pesos per hectare Opportunity cost of dead storage for irrigation 365.61 Philippine pesos per hectare Indonesia, Java Soil erosion Irrigation system siltation 7.9–12.9 US$ million Harbor dredging 1.4–3.5 US$ million Reservoir sedimentation 16.3–74.9 US$ million Grohs 1994 Zimbabwe Soil erosion Sedimentation (productivity change approach) 0.6 Zimbabwean dollars in 1989 dollars Sedimentation (replacement cost approach) 0.8–8.8 Zimbabwean dollars In 1989 dollars Sedimentation (defensive expenditure) 1.0–12.5 Zimbabwean dollars In 1989 dollars
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
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Migration, either as outmigration o
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The preceding discussion shows the
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Results Correlation Analysis Consis
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Figure 2.23—Relationship between
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Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
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soils and higher land productivity.
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Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
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health, education, security, enviro
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Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
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An appropriate economic tool for a
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Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
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enefit—for example, income. This
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Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
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Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
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Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
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land degradation and conservation m
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Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
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year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
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Bringing together the different cos
Page 96 and 97: This section discusses the most imp
Page 98 and 99: governing land use patterns (Leeman
Page 100 and 101: promotion of community forest manag
Page 102 and 103: Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
Page 104 and 105: Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
Page 106 and 107: that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113: Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115: Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 116 and 117: Third, to correctly decide which ac
Page 118 and 119: Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
Page 120 and 121: The NGOs and religious organization
Page 122 and 123: have a strong influence on NRM (And
Page 124 and 125: We estimated the cost of action (de
Page 126 and 127: Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
Page 128 and 129: Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131: 7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 148 and 149: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159: Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 160 and 161: REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost B
Page 162 and 163: Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165: Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
Page 166 and 167: De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
Page 168 and 169: Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
Page 170 and 171: Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
Page 172 and 173: Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
Page 174 and 175: Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
Page 176 and 177: Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
Page 178 and 179: Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
Page 180 and 181: Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
Page 182 and 183: ———. 2010. “Assessment of L
Page 187 and 188: RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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