The Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought

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REFERENCES Abelson, P. 1979. Cost Benefit Analysis and Environmental Problems. Saxon House, London, UK. Adam, T., C. Reij, T. Abdoulaye, M. Larwanou, and G. Tappan. 2006. Impacts des Investissements dans la Gestion des Resources Naturalles (GRN) au Niger: Rapport de Synthese. Niamey, Niger: Centre Régional d’Enseignement Specialisé en Agriculture (CRESA). Niamey, Niger et l´Université libre d´Amsterdam, Pays-Bas. Adegbidi, A., E. Gandonou, and R. Oostendorp. 2004. “Measuring the Productivity from Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation Technologies with Household Fixed Effects: A Case Study of Hilly Mountainous Areas of Benin.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 52 (2): 313–346. Aglietta, M. 2010. “Sustainable Growth: Do We Really Measure the Challenge?” Paper presented at the Eighth Agence Française de Développement/European Development Research Network Conference, Paris, December 1. Agrawal, A., and J. Ribot. 1999. “Accountability in Decentralization: A Framework with South Asian and West African Cases.” The Journal of Developing Areas 33 (4): 473–502. Ahmad M. 2000. “Water Pricing and Markets in the Near East: Policy Issues and Options.” Water Policy 2(3): 229- 242. Akhtar-Schuster, M., H. Bigas, and R. Thomas. 2010. Monitoring and Assessment of Desertification, Land Degradation, and Drought: Knowledge Management, Institutions, and Economics. White Paper of the DSD Working Group 3. Association of DesertNet International United Nations University – Institute for Water, Environment and Health Dryland Science for Development Consortium. February 5, 2010. February 5, 2010Alfsen, K. H., M. A. de Franco, S. Glomsrod, and T. Johnson. 1996. “The Cost of Soil Erosion in Nicaragua.” Ecological Economics 16 (2): 129–145. Alston, L.J., G.D Libecap and R. Schneider. 1995. “Property Rights and the Preconditions for Markets: The Case of the Amazon Frontier”. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. 151: 89-107. Amsalu, A., and J. de Graaf. 2007. “Determinants of Adoption and Continued Use of Stone Terraces for Soil and Water Conservation in an Ethiopian Highland.” Ecological Economics 61: 294–302. Anderson, K., ed. 2009. Distortions to Agricultural Incentives: A Global Perspective 1955–2007. Washington, DC: World Bank. Anderson, K., and E. Ostrom. 2008. “Analyzing Decentralized Resource Regimes from a Polycentric Perspective.” Policy Science 41: 71–93. Anlay, Y., A. Bogale, and A. Haile-Gabriel. 2007. “Adoption Decision and Use Intensity of Soil and Water.” Land Degradation and Development 18 (3): 289–302. Ariga, J., T. Jayne, and J. Nyoro. 2006. Factors Driving the Growth in Fertilizer Consumption in Kenya, 1990–2005: Sustaining the Momentum in Kenya and Lessons for Broader Replicability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Security Collaborative Working Papers 55167. East Lansing: Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics. http://ideas.repec.org/s/ags/midcwp.html. Asiema, J. K. and F. D. Situma. 1994. Indigenous Peoples and the Environment: The Case of the Pastorial Maasai of Kenya. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 5: 149-171. Atwood, D. A. 1990. “Land Registration in Africa. The Impact on Agricultural Production.” World Development 18 (5): 659–671. Aune, J., and R. Lal. 1995. “The Tropical Soil Productivity Calculator: A Model for Assessing Effects of Soil Management on Productivity.” In Soil Management: Experimental Basis for Sustainability and Environmental Quality edited by R. Lal and B. Stewart, 499–520. Lewis Publishers, Coca Raton, Florida, USA. Bai, Z., and D. Dent. 2008. Land Degradation and Improvement in Argentina. 1. Identification by Remote Sensing. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Soil Reference Information Center—World Soil Information. 148
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IFPRI Discussion Paper 01086 May 20
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Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgmen
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List of Figures 1.1—Conceptual fr
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ABSTRACT Attention to land degradat
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asia
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SCAR Soil Conservation in Agricultu
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In the present report, the conceptu
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Framework: Confronting Action versu
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understand these arrangements in or
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Figure 1.3—Prevention, mitigation
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on assessments at the micro level (
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does not clearly distinguish betwee
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Figure 2.1—GLASOD (1991) global a
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International Earth Science Informa
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Box 2.1—Continued Normalized Diff
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Figure 2.4—Loss of annual NPP, GL
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Figure 2.7—Annual loss of NPP in
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Table 2.2—Nitrogen application ra
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Figure 2.12—Areas affected by hum
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output—which is a selection of su
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GLADIS also underlines the linkage
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Box 2.2—Continued A map on global
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Table 2.3—Global land degradation
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Table 2.3—Continued Project and d
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Table 2.4—Continued Location 10 2
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Table 2.6—Extent and severity of
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National Level Policies As discusse
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Such support has also been directed
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Migration, either as outmigration o
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The preceding discussion shows the
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Results Correlation Analysis Consis
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Figure 2.23—Relationship between
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Effects of Land Degradation On-Site
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soils and higher land productivity.
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Acknowledging the work of GLADIS, a
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health, education, security, enviro
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Box 3.1—Recent major economic ass
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An appropriate economic tool for a
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Figure 3.4—Cost of action and cos
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enefit—for example, income. This
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Figure 3.6—Ecosystem services fra
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Replacement Cost Approaches The rep
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Box 3.2—Measuring land degradatio
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land degradation and conservation m
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Flooding and Aquifer Recharge Richa
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year (Diao and Sarpong 2007). Sonne
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Bringing together the different cos
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This section discusses the most imp
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governing land use patterns (Leeman
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promotion of community forest manag
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Box 4.3—Reducing emissions from d
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Soil Nutrient Depletion Soil nutrie
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that the yields of salt-tolerant wh
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Figure 5.3—Forest area as a perce
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.5—Per capita water stora
Page 112 and 113: Introduction 6. CASE STUDIES Five c
Page 114 and 115: Salinity The effects of salinity on
Page 116 and 117: Third, to correctly decide which ac
Page 118 and 119: Costs of Action and Inaction We eva
Page 120 and 121: The NGOs and religious organization
Page 122 and 123: have a strong influence on NRM (And
Page 124 and 125: We estimated the cost of action (de
Page 126 and 127: Figure 6.15—Costs of action and i
Page 128 and 129: Of interest to us is the strategy t
Page 130 and 131: 7. PARTNERSHIP CONCEPT The review o
Page 132 and 133: degradation. All this should be don
Page 134 and 135: Finally, the global assessment of D
Page 136 and 137: the experience of and lessons learn
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.3—Example of E-DLDD resea
Page 140 and 141: 8. CONCLUSIONS Since the publicatio
Page 142 and 143: lowest in the region. From a socioe
Page 144 and 145: Table A.1—Land degradation assess
Page 146 and 147: Table A.2—Continued Author Region
Page 148 and 149: Table A.3—Continued Author Countr
Page 156 and 157: Table A.5—Costs of land degradati
Page 158 and 159: Figure B.1—Land use systems of th
Page 162 and 163: Benin S., E. Nkonya, G. Okecho, J.
Page 164 and 165: Clark, E. H. 1985. The Off-Site Cos
Page 166 and 167: De Jager a., D. Onduru and C. Walag
Page 168 and 169: Foster, V., and C. Briceño-Garmend
Page 170 and 171: Holden, S. and H. Lofgren. 2005. As
Page 172 and 173: Lapar, M. L., and S. Pandey. 1999.
Page 174 and 175: Nachtergaele, F., M. Petri, R. Bian
Page 176 and 177: Pender, J. L. 2009. “Food Crisis
Page 178 and 179: Sauer, J., and H. Tchale. 2006. Alt
Page 180 and 181: Tan, Z. X., R. Lal, and K. D. Wiebe
Page 182 and 183: ———. 2010. “Assessment of L
Page 187 and 188: RECENT IFPRI DISCUSSION PAPERS For
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