Schwetzingen - Schlösser-Magazin

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DER APOLLOTEMPEL Ivan Turgeniev in ,Visionen‘,1864. gest. von Haldenwang „ “ What is that park down there with avenues of smoothly pruned limes, with solitary firs cut into shapes like umbrellas and fans, with columned halls and temples in the taste of Pompadour, with statues of nymphs in Berni’s style, of Rococo tritons in the midst of shallow pools, held in by balustrades of crumbling marble? Can this be Versailles? No, it is not Versailles! A small palace, built in the Rococo style as well, peeks out from behind a group of oaks. The moon is half-veiled, only faint light descending – it is as if a thin haze is spread on the ground. Is it mist, is it moonlight? The eye cannot tell. A swan is slumbering on one of the ponds, his long white back gleaming like the snow of our steppes once it is frozen, and there in the blue shadows, glow-worms shimmer like diamonds on the bases of statues. “We are near Mannheim”, said Ellis, “this is the park of <strong>Schwetzingen</strong>.” We are in Germany, then”, I thought, and listened. All was quiet, only a solitary jet of water fell somewhere, unseen, softly splashing.
II. <strong>Schwetzingen</strong> – Elector Carl Theodor’s Summer Residence a) Elector Carl Theodor and his Palatinate – a World in Transition During the second half of the eighteenth century, the Elector Palatine’s court was one of the most interesting and glittering of Germany. Mannheim was one of the European centres of music, and visitors from all over the continent flocked to the “Palatine Athens”. The transformation of a country and city ravaged by more than a century of almost incessant wars into one of the places of Europe an educated person simply had to see, was the achievement of two electors, Carl Philipp and his successor Carl Theodor. A Glittering Court 1 A thoroughly Baroque despot for whom ”splendour was always more important than reform” 2 , Carl Philipp (1661-1742), who ruled from 1716 to 1742, had inherited the electorate from his brother at a rather advanced age. The new elector first moved the court back to the old residence in Heidelberg. In 1720 he chose Mannheim as his new capital. Here, in the wide plain by the Rhine, Carl Philipp, praised as “Palatine Aeneas”, could found a truly baroque residence, a palace that was to be one of the biggest in Germany, surrounded by the spiritual and temporal pillars of electoral might: monasteries, barracks and no fewer than 54 aristocratic houses. Joined to the palace was the Jesuits’ college with its big church, a copy of Il Gesu in Rome, a visible symbol of the close symbiosis between the electoral house and the Catholic church. Protestant churches, by contrast, were relegated to the parts of town most distant from the Elector‘s home. As neither Carl Philipp nor any of his 1 For the follwing pages: Stefan Mörz, Haupt- und Residenzstadt. Karl Theodor, sein Hof und Mannheim (= Kleine Schriften des Stadtarchivs Mannheim, Nr. 12), Mannheim 1998; Stefan Mörz, Aufgeklärter Absolutismus in der Kurpfalz während der Mannheimer Regierungszeit des Kurfürsten Karl Theodor 1742-77 (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg, Reihe B, vol. 120), Stuttgart 1991. 2 Hans Schmidt, Kurfürst Karl Philipp, Mannheim 1964, p. 88. numerous brothers had any male offspring, the Electorate fell into the hands of another collateral branch of the Palatine Wittelsbachs, the line of the dukes of Pfalz-Sulzbach (a poor and small territory in the Upper Palatinate). The elector’s heir was Carl Theodor (1724- 1799), a young prince, orphaned at the age of four, who had been educated by his greatgrandmother in Brussels, a devout old lady who imbibed him with the creeds of the house of Sulzbach and of her age – Catholicism and absolutism in the French/Spanish style. His native tongue was French, and he did not learn German until he was about six. When he was brought to Mannheim in 1734, his education was taken over by the 70-year-old Elector, a thoroughly un-intellectual soldier, who was assisted by a rather wily Jesuit and an equally old courtier, the Marquis d‘Ittre (1683-1766). In 1742, Carl Theodor, shy and of fragile health, was married to the Elector‘s grand-daughter, Elisabeth Augusta (1721-1794), a lively and very strong-minded young woman three years his senior who was interested in music, theatre, hunting, amusements and not much else. The wedding of Carl Theodor and Elisabeth Augusta turned out to be the grandest court spectacle that Mannheim ever was to witness. Most members of the Wittelsbach family were I. Fig. 1: The territories of the Palatine Wittelsbachs in the 18th century (From: Pfalzatlas bzw. Mörz 1991). 9
Page 1 and 2: Nomination for Inscription on the U
Page 3 and 4: Nomination for Inscription on the U
Page 5 and 6: V. Science and Technology Contents
Page 7: I. Introduction In the eighteenth c
Page 11 and 12: lives in small and crammed rooms wh
Page 13 and 14: of Benrath also served as an assert
Page 15 and 16: part also that thereby the places,
Page 17 and 18: Palatine Electorate in 1748, during
Page 19 and 20: This is clear from the memoires of
Page 21 and 22: c) Musical Life at the Court of Ele
Page 23 and 24: The Two-Season Structure: Winter an
Page 25 and 26: friend Lorenz Hagenauer in Salzburg
Page 27 and 28: III. Architectural Features a) The
Page 29 and 30: auditorium and the stage, according
Page 31 and 32: On the whole, though, Pigage’s dr
Page 33 and 34: Influences and Models The architect
Page 35 and 36: et de son bon naturel...”. 9 By t
Page 37 and 38: Idolino. 17 Both porticoes are deli
Page 39 and 40: oval basin is surrounded by a white
Page 41 and 42: to Lunéville from Einville Castle.
Page 43 and 44: the huge cost of fl. 120 000; this,
Page 45 and 46: uilding is clearly not meant to be
Page 47 and 48: probably found in the available gro
Page 49 and 50: in 1730 and translated into German
Page 51 and 52: d) The Arabic Insriptions of the Mo
Page 53 and 54: The Inscriptions of the Interior Al
Page 55 and 56: “EINSAMKEIT IST BESSER ALS BOESE
Page 57 and 58: and humour as the European one, and
Page 59 and 60:
e) “… Beyond this lake, finally
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Mythology The building owes its nam
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of St John: “No man cometh unto t
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III. Architectural Features III. 65
Page 67 and 68:
IV. Palace Gardens: Role and Signif
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Antiquity is a trove of model motif
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The four-column Corinthian façade
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three identical façades - has a ma
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with the colossal stags spouting wa
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to which all his subjects were invi
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) The Collection and Cultivation of
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pot plants during the winter, the s
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The Schwetzingen Orchards and Kitch
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„The merit of a natural garden is
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trees and its beautiful layout, and
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are on display. There are some magn
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space, today occupied by the palace
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The long-planned lane cut into the
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oad, where the new crossing had bee
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The interplay between the summer re
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kitchen gardens, Johann van Wynder;
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view, and that for that reason, it
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utterly misplaced. The harmony betw
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of scientific, botanical interests
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IV. Palace Gardens: Role and Signif
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V. Science and Technology a) On the
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affection for Antiquity instilled i
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knowledge and integrated directly i
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The “litmus test” is to analyse
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In contrast to the military tenor o
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the Wittelsbachs. The spectrum rang
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a notably more complex technical ef
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But postponement does not necessari
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Apollo 71 , the sight line conspire
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c) The Waterworks and Carl Theodor
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tip. The lightning conductors were
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horologist, André Le Paute Mayer b
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ecentissimisque observationibus et
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VI. Schwetzingen - Historical Conte
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Calvinists, over the use of the Hei
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2. History of the Town of Schwetzin
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their properties when the new north
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The Twentieth Century to the Presen
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The New Town is Born The timing of
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Development North of the Market-Pla
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The foundations for the new two-sto
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) History of the Palace 1. The Orig
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Origins A “fort” at “Sweczing
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Friedrich V and the Aftermath of th
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oofed passage; the remains of this
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The following plans (Building phase
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locks. The masonry is regular, and
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Friedrich V and the Conversion of t
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Fig. 8: Findings 8 - Inscription on
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
uilding done in 1715/16). Seen from
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2. The Palace Interior Through the
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into random, occasionally fanciful
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A number of institutions were house
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honour wings, a golden yellow, to e
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the history of the Schwetzingen ora
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In 1731, Johann Friedrich Armand vo
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The Origins of the Palace Gardens a
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hunting park. The dilapidated Upper
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“berceaux en treillage”, i.e. l
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However, as the southern one is des
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that was begun in 1764 and created
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displayed a collection of alpine pl
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drew up an inventory of the Schwetz
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touched any of the shores, a featur
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Neckar valleys” 6 , as the anonym
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inscriptions was faithfully recorde
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I would not like to add my own to s
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fled from the persecution of Art. I
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2. The Schwetzinger Festspiele: the
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VII. Appendices a) Biographies (Man
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was begun with the intention that t
Page 215 and 216:
Elector’s scholarly and artistic
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In 1792/93, with the Palatinate wes
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were involved in building sets and
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sculptor of Duke Leopold of Lorrain
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sculptor, Mr. Lamini, has fashioned
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At the age of about twenty, Nicolas
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de Pigage. Two plans by his hand su
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At Mannheim the most important work
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in two editions together with Georg
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1776 Physicist Johann Jakob Hemmer
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detail, inspired by late Baroque bu
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Carl-Theodor-Straße 9 (Flstnr. 374
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Forsthausstraße (Flstnr. 425) Leim
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Hebelstraße 4 (Flstnr. 179/1) Shar
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Karlsruher Straße 2a, (Flstnr. 434
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Lessingstraße 35 - cf. Lessingstra
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Marstallstraße 12 (Flstnr. 498/1)
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Schlossplatz 2 (Flstnr. 262) Confer
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Zeller and retaining the tower of t
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Zeyherstraße 2 (Flstnr. 219) Resid
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Beringer 1902 - Joseph August Berin
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Freund 1923 - Karl Freund, „Die T
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Heber/Seeliger-Zeiss 1974 - Wiltrud
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Kollnig 1993 - Karl Kollnig, Die Ku
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Mörz 1997 - Stefan Mörz, Die letz
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Schwab 1840 - Franz Schwab, Beschre
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Was bleibt. Markgrafenschätze aus
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Zeyher/Roemer 1815 - Johann Michael
Page 271:
92 88 87 89 90 91 16 8 86 52 15 14
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