Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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improved monitoring and assessment of fish stocks (UNDP/GEF 2009). The SAP also proposed that fish stocks should be rebuilt through: an increase in mesh sizes and the use of more selective fishing gear; stock enhancement by restocking of overexploited stocks and through habitat improvement; and improved fisheries management and the use of Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ) (UNDP/GEF 2009). Currently there are three activities to demonstrate the effectiveness of these fisheries SAP management actions: a) Demonstrate the effectiveness of closed areas and seasons in fisheries management. Outputs: Assessment of the reduction in fishing effort due to closed areas and seasons, and their impact on fish stocks and fish catches. Progress: Monitoring the catches of selected fishing boats before and after the area closures, carrying out a cost benefit analysis of the area closures, and collecting historical records to compare the species composition changes that are currently being recorded after the area closure. b) Demonstrate the effectiveness of stock enhancement Outputs: Assessment of the effectiveness of the release of hatchery-raised juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in rebuilding fish stocks using mark-recapture techniques in Shandong province. Assessment of restocking of Chinese fleshy shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) in Liaoning province. Progress: Currently monitoring the recaptures and conducting independent trawl surveys. c) Demonstrate the effectiveness of boat-buy back Outputs: Description of the success of the R. Korea government’s fishing boat buy-back and its impact on reducing fishing effort. Progress: Currently interviewing fisherfolk to assess the perception of the impact on fish stocks and assessing the government’s policy on reducing fishing effort. The project is also involved in the organisation of the first ever joint regional fisheries stock assessment exercise between China and R. Korea. The results are currently being analysed. Early results of harmonisation exercises in ageing of fish and stomach contents analysis suggest that diets of fish species on each side of the Yellow Sea are very different and that earlier differences in growth rates in such fish as small yellow croaker and chub mackerel maybe real and not the result of differences in measuring techniques as previously suggested. These surveys have now sparked interest in further collaboration. The assessment also showed that jellyfish occupied as much as 86% by weight of the total autumn catch in the west side of the Yellow Sea and that the species of the jellyfish in the east and west sides are different. These findings provided 92
important scientific information to improve management of the Yellow Sea ecosystem. Current Mariculture Activities Although finfish and crustacean production have made substantial improvements in recent times, their culture has one of the worst environmental records in the industry. The increased demand for fish protein as a result of the decreased wild catches and increased wealth of the population presents some serious challenges for both China and R. Korea. To ensure that this increase in fish and shrimp production is sustainable, the SAP proposed a target of an improvement in mariculture techniques to reduce environmental impact by: developing and promoting environmentally friendly mariculture techniques; reducing nutrient discharges from mariculture facilities; and controlling disease. Currently there are two demonstration activities on integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and heterotrophic shrimp culture that will show producers how increased productivity and profitability can be achieved without damaging the environment. a) IMTA Polyculture is where two or more species are cultured together, usually with some added benefit in terms of productivity. IMTA is a type of polyculture where species from different trophic levels (eg. algae, fish and oysters) are cultured together so that the waste products of one species are utilised by another (Figure 3). In Sanggou Bay on the eastern tip of Shandong province, a number of different IMTA systems are being tested and evaluated. In China, more than 11 million tonnes of shellfish were cultured in 2006 (Fang et al. 2009). Shellfish (mollusc) culture is often associated with environmental impacts due to organic enrichment of the sediments associated with the increased sedimentation rates from the production of pseudofaeces and faeces produced by the molluscs (oysters, clams, scallops, etc). This enrichment can result in anoxic conditions causing changes in the benthic community toward domination by opportunistic polychaetes. However a recent study in Sanggou Bay, suggested that despite 20 years of mariculture, it had avoided the environmental impacts associated with shellfish culture in other parts of the world as a result of the low culture density, the current regime and the coculture of oxygen-producing seaweed that prevent anoxia in the sediments (Fang et al. 2009). As farmers switch to the more profitable shellfish and fish culture, demands on the environment will increase. To counteract this, the YSLME project is promoting the use of IMTA and the concept of carrying capacity. Carrying capacity models together with adaptive management can be used to optimize 93
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
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levels below fish in the marine foo
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LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30:
Sea surface temperature: The Earth
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een applying ecosystem-based method
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Figure 14. Value of reported landin
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3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
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The Global Environment Facility (GE
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eing used to hindcast and forecast
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Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
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ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46:
Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48:
At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122: those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128: A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130: acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132: Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134: The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136: Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138: ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140: 1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
Page 141 and 142: of the United States H. A. Walker K
Page 143 and 144: 25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146: Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148: 2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150: 14. Applications of the large marin
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