Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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GEF Support for the Global Movement toward the Improved Assessment and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems Alfred M. Duda, Senior Advisor Global Environment Facility Washington, DC While our planet’s coastal and marine assets have been in trouble for a while, recent information has documented beyond a doubt the scale and severity of risks to humanity associated with depletion and degradation of near coastal oceans and their contributing watersheds. Lack of attention to policy and legal and institutional reforms has resulted in coastal freshwater depletion, pollution from sewage and industrial wastes, human health risks, coastal groundwater supply contamination, overexploitation of fisheries, the destruction of economically important coastal habitats like coral reefs, diseases and alien species propagated by maritime transport. All these trends lead to socioeconomic losses. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has recognized these concerns since the early 1990s, and has responded with an ecosystem-based approach to the assessment and management of Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) across the world in order to stem the tide of depletion and degradation, and lead the transition to ocean security. This paper describes the approach adopted by the GEF in the last dozen years to create a movement in support of intergovernmental instruments to reverse the downward spiral of coastal and marine resources. One hundred and thirty two nations are working together in GEF International Waters projects to support this movement with improved human capacity, governance reforms, and critical investments. The GEF approach at different scales is described, along with some early results of the type of decadal long effort needed to make real changes in human behavior. As GEF enters a phase that will invest in the LME movement, its future focus depends on the amount of GEF replenishment funding provided by industrialized countries to catalyze actions, and on the commitments coming from developing countries to adopt collective reforms and utilize available financing for investments. When industrialized countries are lukewarm in support of GEF efforts to assist developing nations in sustaining ocean goods and services, the world community should expect little action in return. The collective actions of many countries are needed to cope with shifts in climate and the impacts of globalization, with its financial pressures that further stress 1
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61:
Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
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The workshop used a logic framework
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The institutional arrangements outl
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The Benguela Current Commission sta
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November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
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Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
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estimated at 30 years. These featur
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Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
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Over the years the BSRP has produce
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and with the Swedish Meteorological
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Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
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has been instrumental in the prepar
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Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
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The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
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As a result, larger, higher trophic
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Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
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competitive species uses the surplu
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system based on sustainable food pr
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Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
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already happened. Moreover, most fi
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important scientific information to
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(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
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The purpose of this activity is to
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UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
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The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
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potential of coastal and marine fis
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activities to support local uses of
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The percentage of protection is sti
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women, were further key aspects of
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Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
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those goals in mind, BCLME became a
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2007 was a step in that direction.
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Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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