Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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4) Socioeconomics Module Indicators The economic value of an LME is equivalent to the net present value of goods and services that flow from uses and non-uses of its resources and environment. Costanza et al. (1997) calculate that the coastal waters encompassing LMEs annually contribute US $12.6 trillion to the global economy. Although this estimate does not reflect the benefits or costs of marginal changes in marine ecosystem goods and services, it highlights the critical importance of LMEs to the economies of the world. The socioeconomic module emphasizes the practical application of scientific findings to managing LMEs and the explicit integration of social and economic indicators and analyses with all other scientific assessments to assure that prospective management measures are efficient. Economists and policy analysts work closely with ecologists and other scientists to identify and evaluate management options that are both scientifically credible and economically practical with regard to the use of ecosystem goods and services. In order to respond adaptively to enhanced scientific information, socioeconomic considerations should be closely integrated with science. This component of the LME approach to marine resources management has recently been described as the human dimensions of LMEs (Hennessey and Sutinen 2005). A framework has been developed by the Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics at the University of Rhode Island for monitoring and assessment of the human dimension of LMEs and for incorporating socioeconomic considerations into an adaptive management approach for LMEs (Sutinen 2000). An initial step toward the development of a global overview of the socioeconomic aspect of LMEs was made by the Marine Policy Center at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Hoagland and Jin 2006). These researchers used indices of socioeconomic activity based on data from several marine economic sectors, including fish landings, aquaculture production, ship building, cargo traffic, merchant fleet size, oil production, oil rig counts, and tourism. The data were examined for the years between 2002 and 2004, to compare marine industry activity with indices for socioeconomic, fishing and aquaculture, tourism and shipping and oil activities. A summary ranking of LMEs by area adjusted marine industry activity (MIA) is shown in Figure 25. From a comparison of ranked socioeconomic and marine industry activity, indices for LMEs (Table 2), countries bordering the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, East Bering Sea and Insular Pacific-Hawaiian are the most economically active LMEs (>40.0 MIA) in contrast to the low marine industry activity level of the Agulhas Current, Guinea Current and Somali Current LMEs (
Somali Coastal Current Guinea Current Agulhas Current Arabian Sea Caribbean Sea New Zealand Shelf Bay of Bengal Humboldt Current Benguela Current Indonesian Sea Mediterranean Sea Canary Current Pacific Central-American Coastal Sea of Okhotsk West Bering Sea Red Sea East Siberian Sea Patagonian Shelf North Brazil Shelf Iceland Shelf Sulu-Celebes Sea Barents Sea Kara Sea East Brazil Shelf Black Sea South China Sea Northeast Australian Shelf/Great Barrier Reef Southeast Australian Shelf Laptev Sea Southwest Australian Shelf Baltic Sea Northwest Australian Shelf Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf Hudson Bay South Brazil Shelf North Australian Shelf East-Central Australian Shelf California Current Gulf of Thailand West-Central Australian Shelf Norwegian Shelf Sea of Japan North Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Mexico Celtic-Biscay Shelf Oyashio Current Kuroshio Current Beaufort Sea East Bering Sea Scotian Shelf Iberian Coastal Insular Pacific-Hawaiian Chukchi Sea East China Sea Gulf of California Southeast U.S. Continental Shelf Yellow Sea Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf 20 40 60 80 100 120 marine industry activity/area Figure 25. Ranking of LMEs by Area-adjusted Marine Industry Activity (Hoagland and Jin 2006) 37
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96:
system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98:
Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100:
already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102:
important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104:
(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106:
The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108:
UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110:
The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112:
potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114:
activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116:
The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118:
women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120:
Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122:
those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124:
2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126:
Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128:
A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130:
acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132:
Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134:
The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136:
Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138:
ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140:
1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
Page 141 and 142:
of the United States H. A. Walker K
Page 143 and 144:
25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146:
Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148:
2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150:
14. Applications of the large marin
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