Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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predicted to increase especially rapidly in many developing regions of the world, leading to increased nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) inputs to the coastal zone (Kroeze and Seitzinger 1998). Figure 19. Watershed schematic of nitrogen inputs and transport to coastal systems. Symbols for diagram courtesy of the Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/symbols), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. (Kroeze and Seitzinger 1998). Uneven spatial distribution of human population, agriculture, and energy production leads to spatial differences in the anthropogenic alterations of nutrient inputs to coastal ecosystems (Green et al. 2004; Howarth et al. 1996; Seitzinger et al. 2005; Seitzinger and Kroeze 1998). A nutrient export model has been developed to provide a comprehensive and quantitative global view of nutrient sources, controlling factors and nutrient loading to coastal systems around the world under current conditions, as well as to be able to look at past conditions and plausible future scenarios. A Global Watershed Nutrient Export Model (NEWS): In order to provide regional and global perspectives on changing nutrient transport to coastal systems throughout the world, an international workgroup (Global NEWS – Nutrient Export from Water Sheds; www.marine.rutgers.edu /globalnews) (Figure 20) has developed a spatially explicit global watershed model that relates human activities and natural processes in watersheds to nutrient inputs to coastal systems throughout the world (Beusen et al. 2005; Dumont et al. 2005; Harrison et al. 2005a; 2005b; Seitzinger et al. 2005). Global NEWS is an interdisciplinary workgroup of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) focused on understanding the relationship between human activity and coastal nutrient enrichment. In addition to current predictions, the NEWS model is also 30
eing used to hindcast and forecast changes in nutrient, carbon and water inputs to coastal systems under a range of scenarios. Figure 20. Schematic of some of the major inputs and controlling factors in the Global NEWS watershed river export model (Seitzinger et al. 2008). NEWS Model Output: The NEWS model has provided the first spatially distributed global view of N, P and C export by world rivers to coastal systems. At the global scale rivers currently deliver about 65 Tg N and 11 Tg P per year according to NEWS model predictions (Tg = tera gram = 10 12 g). For nitrogen, DIN and particulate N (PN) each account for approximately 40% of the total N input, with DON comprising about 20%. This contrasts with P, where particulate P (PP) accounts for almost 90% of total P inputs. However, while DIP and dissolved organic P (DOP) each contribute only about 10% of total P, both of these forms are very bioreactive and thus may have a disproportionate impact relative to PP on coastal systems (Figure 21). Figure 21. Global N and P river export to coastal systems by nutrient form based on the NEWS model (Dumont et al. 2005; Harrison et al. 2005a). 31
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90:
As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94:
competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96:
system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98:
Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100:
already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102:
important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104:
(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106:
The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108:
UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110:
The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112:
potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114:
activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116:
The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118:
women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120:
Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122:
those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124:
2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126:
Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128:
A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130:
acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132:
Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134:
The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136:
Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148:
2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150:
14. Applications of the large marin
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