Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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Figure 6. Artisanal fishing off the East Coast of Africa In 1994, the Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme (TCZCDP) was a response to the Tanga Regional government’s concern for the decline of marine resources and degradation of reefs. The project was implemented through IUCN’s Eastern Africa Regional Office (EARO), with funding from Irish Aid. TCZCDP was one of the first coastal management programmes in the Western Indian Ocean to make socioeconomic considerations a central objective. It was one of the first to take a community-based approach to planning and implementation right from the start. A broad and ambitious strategy incorporated the development of new socioeconomic activities, developed and implemented fisheries and mangrove management plans, established and mainstreamed new institutional arrangements for coastal management, and built capacity through a major training and environmental education program (Wells et al. 2007). Collaborative management areas (CMAs) for fisheries were formally adopted in village by-laws and approved at the national level (Wells et al. 2007). These areas include reefs closed to fishing to serve as fishery reserves. Destructive and illegal beach seines (juya) and dynamite fishing were dramatically reduced through surveillance patrols and gear exchange for beach seines (Horrill et. al. 2001). Regular monitoring of coral reef health and artisanal fisheries, and the implementation of alternative livelihood strategies such as seaweed farming by 108
women, were further key aspects of the program. The Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme (TCZCDP) has led to a major improvement of the reef’s health. However, in 2003-2005 dynamite fishing returned and the recovery of fish stocks was reversed, which coincided with the removal of a navy boat from the area and also the end of donor funding to the project (Samoilys et al. 2007). References Agardy, T. and F. Staub. 2006. Marine Protected Areas and MPA Networks, National Science Foundation United States Fish and Wildlife Service (Grant Agreement No. 98210-1- G017). Christie, P., A. White and E. Deguit. 2002. Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Management 66(4): 441- 454. Cicin-Sain, B. and S. Belfiore. 2005. Linking marine protected areas to integrated coastal and ocean management: A review of theory and practice. Ocean & Coastal Management 48:19. Hoang, Tung, Lee, SY, Keenan, Clive P., Marsden, Gay E. 2002. Cold tolerance of the banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis de Man and its growth at different temperatures. Aquaculture Research 33(1): 21-26. Samoilys, M.A., K.M. Martin-Smith, B.G. Giles, B. Cabrera, J.A. Anticamara, E.O. Brunio, A.C.J. Vincent. 2007. Effectiveness of five small Philippinese’ coral reef reserves for fish populations depends on site-specific factors, particularly enforcement history. Biological Conservation 136:584-601. Wells, S., S. Makoloweka and M. Samoilys, Editors, Putting Adaptive Management into Practice: Collaborative Coastal Management in Tanga, Northern Tanzania, IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Office (2007). Links and further reading Websites IUCN GMP website: www.iucn.org/marine Protect Planet Ocean website: http://www.protectplanetocean.org/ Mediterranean MPA database: http://www.medpan.org/ WCPA Marine website: http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/wcpa/wcpa_work/wcpa_biomes/wc pa_marine/index.cfm PRCM : http://www.prcmarine.org Hon Mun MPA: http://www.nhatrangbaympa.vnn.vn/ Publications: IUCN WCPA MPA Plan of Action: http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/mpa_planofaction.pdf Establishing Resilient Marine Protected Area Networks - Making it Happen: http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/mpanetworksmakingithappen_en.pdf Status of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea: http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/status_lr.pdf 109
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
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levels below fish in the marine foo
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LME observations are integrated int
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Sea surface temperature: The Earth
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een applying ecosystem-based method
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Figure 14. Value of reported landin
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3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
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The Global Environment Facility (GE
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eing used to hindcast and forecast
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Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
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ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
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Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
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At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
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are all actively involved in reachi
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waste disposal, transportation, rec
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The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
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Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
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Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
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Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
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The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65:
The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122: those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128: A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130: acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132: Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134: The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136: Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138: ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140: 1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
Page 141 and 142: of the United States H. A. Walker K
Page 143 and 144: 25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146: Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148: 2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150: 14. Applications of the large marin
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Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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