Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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M. Walton and Y. Jiang detail the emergence of the adaptive ecosystem-based management strategy applications adopted by China and the Republic of Korea based on operationalization of the agreed-upon YSLME project TDA and SAP ecosystem recovery and sustainability targets. They describe actions underway by both countries to reduce fishing effort by 33% for restoring seriously depleted capture fisheries. Using carrying capacity models based on primary productivity values (gCm 2 ), they argue that the estimated annual one million metric tons of lost fisheries catches from reduced fishing effort will be replaced annually by one to two million metric tons of polyculture production of fish, bivalve mollusks and shrimp, while the capture fishery stocks are recovering. An important by-product of the massive coastal polyculture (China) and coastal fish ranching (R. Korea) is the expected improvement in coastal water quality from advancements in mariculture technology. LMEs and MPAs The chapter by J. Oliver et al. addresses IUCN’s global efforts to expand the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) in LMEs. To aid the marine resources science and management communities, they provide a world map of the areas within LMEs that have been designated as MPAs. Activities of IUCN’s World Commission on MPAs are highlighted, and MPAs of the Canary Current LME, Guinea Current LME, South China Sea LME, Mediterranean Sea LME, Agulhas Current LME and Somal;i Current LME are described Training and Outreach At present, 2,500 scientists, technicians and resource managers are involved in GEF supported LME project activities. By 2015 it is estimated that the LME movement for marine resources assessment and management will require up to 10,000 trained and educated LME project practitioners. Future LME education and training needs are addressed by Professor Gotthilf Hempel in his contribution to the volume. As a former President of ICES and Professor and Director of marine institutes in Kiel, Bremerhaven, and Bremen, Professor Hempel stresses the need for increased interaction between pragmatic LME science and more basic marine science underway in academia to initiate a new generation of marine ecosystem experts in specialty areas of ichthyology, planktology, sociology, economics and international law, and more general ecological subjects focused on application of science to management. The volume concludes with a chapter by M.C. Aquarone describing efforts underway to reach beyond the marine community with LME volumes, reports, and multimedia DVDs, websites and portals. A listing of the authors and titles of LME publications of 14 peerreviewed published volumes is given in the Annex. We are pleased to acknowledge the financial assistance of IUCN, NOAA, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, IOC-UNESCO and FAO in the printing and distribution of the volume. The Editors vi
Contents Preface iii Contents vii GEF Support for the Global Movement toward the Improved Assessment and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems 1 Alfred M. Duda Indicators of Changing States of Large Marine Ecosystems 13 Kenneth Sherman, Igor Belkin, Sybil Seitzinger, Porter Hoagland, Di Jin, Marie-Christine Aquarone, Sally Adams Ocean Governance in the Benguela Large Marine Ecosystem – Establishing the Benguela Current Commission 51 Michael O’Toole The Recovery and Sustainability of the Baltic Sea Large Marine Ecosystem 63 Jan Thulin Changing States of the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem: Anthropogenic Forcing and Climate Impacts 77 Qisheng Tang Some Considerations of Fisheries Management in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem 89 Mark Walton and Yihang Jiang The IUCN Support of Marine Protected Area Sites within Large Marine Ecosystems 101 James Oliver, Carl Gustaf Lundin, Dan Laffoley Future Needs of the LME Approach Worldwide 111 Gotthilf Hempel Outreach and Education for Ecosystem-based Management in the World’s Large Marine Ecosystems 117 Marie-Christine Aquarone Annex: Published Volumes in the Large Marine Ecosystem Series 129 vii
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5: describing practical applications o
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57:
Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61:
Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63:
The workshop used a logic framework
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The institutional arrangements outl
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The Benguela Current Commission sta
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November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
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Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
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estimated at 30 years. These featur
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Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
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Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79:
and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81:
Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
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has been instrumental in the prepar
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Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
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The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
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As a result, larger, higher trophic
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Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
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competitive species uses the surplu
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system based on sustainable food pr
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Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
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already happened. Moreover, most fi
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important scientific information to
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(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
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The purpose of this activity is to
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UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
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The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
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potential of coastal and marine fis
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activities to support local uses of
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The percentage of protection is sti
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women, were further key aspects of
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Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
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those goals in mind, BCLME became a
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2007 was a step in that direction.
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Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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