Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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survival is much higher. The stability of the water quality means that much higher culture densities can be obtained, reducing the need for the huge pond areas, and the competition for space with other users. Progress: Initial trials are very promising, stocking densities of 300 Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles per m 2 (traditional stocking densities are 15-30 shrimp/m 2 ) in outdoor lined ponds resulted in a production of almost 2.72 kg/m 2 /crop and food conversion ratios (FCRs) of 1.39 over 3 month’s culture achieving an average body weight of 12.5 g with survival rates in excess of 70%. Indoor raceways have achieved a production of >20 kg/m 2 /year with 2.5 crops per year, this more than 70 times higher than traditional pond culture (Jang 2009). Nursery culture has also been very successful resulting in even lower FCRs at densities of up to 5000 post larvae /m 2 . Recently two new indoor commercial scale culture tanks were constructed offering even better bio-security and enhanced water quality control and, at the tanks’ inauguration, a number of aquaculture farmers expressed interest in this new technology; one commercial farm is currently in operation. Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture summary Both these methods offer the opportunity of enhancing mariculture productivity to compensate for the shortfall in capture fisheries production following cuts in fisheries effort. These methods offer a way to increase production without also increasing negative impacts on both ecosystem health and fisheries production. References Fang J, Funderud J, Zhang J, Jiang J, Qi Z, Wang W (2009) Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) of sea cucumber, abalone and kelp in Sanggou Bay, China. In: Walton MEM (ed) Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Second Regional Mariculture Conference. UNDP/GEF project "Reducing environmental stress in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem", Jeju, Republic of Korea FAO (2009) FAO Fisheries and aquaculture country profile - China. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Jang IK (2009) Forces driving sustainability in the Yellow Sea mariculture of the South Korea. In: Walton MEM (ed) Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Second Regional Mariculture Conference. UNDP/GEF project "Reducing environmental stress in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem", Jeju, Republic of Korea Jin XS (2003) Fishery biodiversity and community structure in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. Proceedings of the Third World Fisheries Congress 38: 643-650 Jin XS, Tang QS (1996) Changes in fish species diversity and dominant species composition in the Yellow Sea. Fisheries Research 26: 337-352 Troell, M. and J. Norberg (1998) Modelling output and retention of suspended solids in an integrated salmon-mussel culture. Ecological Modelling 110:65-77. 98
UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diagnostic analysis for the Yellow Sea LME. UNDP/GEF project: Reducing environmental stress in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem, Ansan, Republic of Korea. UNDP/GEF (2007b) The Yellow Sea: Analysis of the environmental status and trends. Volume 3: Regional synthesis reports. UNDP/GEF project: "Reducing environmental stress in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem", Ansan, Republic of Korea UNDP/GEF (2009) The Strategic Action Programme for the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem. UNDP/GEF YSLME project, Ansan, Republic of Korea Zhang B, Tang Q, Jin X (2007) Decadal-scale variations of trophic levels at high trophic levels in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea ecosystem. Journal of Marine Systems 67:304-311. 99
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10:
GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16:
(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
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levels below fish in the marine foo
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LME observations are integrated int
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Sea surface temperature: The Earth
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een applying ecosystem-based method
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Figure 14. Value of reported landin
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3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
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The Global Environment Facility (GE
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eing used to hindcast and forecast
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Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
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ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46:
Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48:
At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50:
are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52:
waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54:
The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122: those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128: A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130: acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132: Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134: The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136: Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138: ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140: 1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
Page 141 and 142: of the United States H. A. Walker K
Page 143 and 144: 25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146: Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148: 2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150: 14. Applications of the large marin
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