Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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Tang, Q., J. Su and J. Zhang. 2005. Key processes and sustainable mechanisms of ecosystem food production in the coastal ocean of China. Advances in Earth Sciences 20(12):1281- 1287. In Chinese with English abstract. UNDP/GEF (2009) The Strategic Action Programme for the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem, UNDP/GEF YSLME project, Ansan, Republic of Korea Xia, S. 1960. Fisheries of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Mar. fish. Res. Pap. 2: 73-94. In Chinese. Zhang, J., J. Fang and Q. Tang, 2005. The contribution of shellfish and seaweed mariculture in China to the carbon cycle of coastal ecosystem. Advances in Earth Sciences 20 3 359 - 365. In Chinese with English abstract. Zhang, C. I. and S. Kim. 1999. Living marine resources of the Yellow Sea ecosystem in Korean waters: status and perspectives. In K. Sherman and Q. Tang (eds.), Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific Rim. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science, pp. 163-178. Zhang, B. and Q. Tang. 2004. Trophic level of important resources species of high trophic levels in the Bohai Sea Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Advance in Marine Science, 22(4): 393- 404. In Chinese with English abstract. 88
Some Considerations of Fisheries Management in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem M.E.M. Walton and Yihang Jiang UNDP/GEF project "Reducing environmental stress in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem" KORDI compound, 1270, Sa2-dong, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 426-744 Republic of Korea Background Information from TDA and SAP In 2007 the UNDP/GEF Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME) Project published the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) (UNDP/GEF 2007a). This report identifies the environmental issues and problems, outlines the root causes and provides suggestions for management interventions. Under the fisheries section, the major problems were a decline in the catch of some commercial species and a change in the composition of the fisheries catches with an increase in the landings of low value species (UNDP/GEF 2007a) based on scientific findings (Jin 2003; Jin and Tang 1996; Zhang et al. 2007). The root cause was identified as overexploitation of fish stocks as a result of over capacity in the fishing fleets of China and Republic of Korea. In response to the identified problems, the Strategic Action Programme (SAP) for the YSLME set 2 targets for capture fisheries to be realised by the year 2020: (i) a 25-30% reduction in fishing effort; and (ii) the rebuilding of fish stocks (UNDP/GEF 2009). To achieve these targets various management actions are recommended such as: a reduction by 25-30% of boat numbers with strict control in the building of new boats; the closure of areas and seasons for fishing to protect spawning fish and nursery grounds; improved monitoring, an increase in the mesh size to reduce the catch of juvenile and introduction of more selective gears; continued use of habitat improvement and stock enhancement using healthy, genetically diverse fry; and the introduction of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and ecosystem based management of the existing fisheries. Both China and the Republic of Korea are already implementing many of the proposed management actions and both are firmly committed to reducing fishing effort. Under the current 5 year plan ending in 2010 China plans to reduce the number of fishing boats by 10% and the marine catch by 15%; and by the year 2020 aims to reduce the fishing fleet and marine catch by 33%. To implement these plans the Chinese government has invested significant funds, more than 270 million Yuan each year for scrapping old fishing boats, with extra funding from local governments, and an additional 90 million Yuan specifically for enforcement of fisheries legislation. Further funds are also available for retraining, job creation and tax breaks for ex-fishermen and for stock 89
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
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levels below fish in the marine foo
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LME observations are integrated int
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Sea surface temperature: The Earth
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een applying ecosystem-based method
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Figure 14. Value of reported landin
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3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
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The Global Environment Facility (GE
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eing used to hindcast and forecast
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Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
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ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122: those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128: A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130: acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132: Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134: The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136: Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138: ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140: 1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
Page 141 and 142: of the United States H. A. Walker K
Page 143 and 144: 25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146: Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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