Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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support of advisors from Northern Europe joined in a marine programme. The Benguela Environment Fisheries Interaction and Training Program (BENEFIT) aimed at the surveillance and management of the living resources of the Benguela Current system and at the formation of scientific and technical staff, particularly in Angola and Namibia. The Benguela Current LME Programme (BCLME) became the operational arm of BENEFIT. LME projects such as the BCLME offer research vessels and other technical facilities and opportunities for many kinds of basic research. Already in the founding documents of BENEFIT and of the BCLME Programme this was stressed and has materialized in the meantime in terms of close cooperation with leading marine scientists of the University of Cape Town and other universities in the region. The links of the BCLME Programme with the governments and administration of the three participating countries have been fairly strong and have resulted in the creation of the Benguela Current Commission covering both environment and fisheries, and addressing natural and societal concerns. The dialogue between natural and social scientists has been implemented rather recently, but there is still room for improvement. The following examples are mostly taken from a recently published book on the Benguela Current and its LME project (“Benguela, Current of Plenty” edited by Gotthilf Hempel, Michael O´Toole and Neville Sweijd, 2008). The need for better interaction Within all LMEs more interaction is required between LME science and academia, natural and social scientists, science and industry, science and administration, science and public. LME projects should strive for more cooperation with universities. LME projects need academia as the nursery ground for the next generation of marine scientists, advisors and administrators and as the main source of new scientific concepts. In turn, the marine science community should realize that LME projects have much to offer to the mainstream of marine research and to universities: LME projects consist of a cadre of marine scientists who speak worldwide the same scientific language and who provide great, coherent data sets on many of the highly exploited and productive shelf seas and adjacent oceanic waters. Those time series are badly needed for the understanding of biological variability on different scales of space and time. We also need more communication, cooperation and coordination, both on a continent-wide (mega-regional) and global scale, among the various LME projects. Such interaction will improve links to the outside world and address global and continent-wide concerns. Common strategies are needed to enhance human capacity and science, particularly social sciences within the LMEs. With 112
those goals in mind, BCLME became a strong driver for the establishment of a Pan-African LME Alliance (see below). Human capacity Within any LME, sustainable management of fisheries and other kinds of uses of the goods and services of the sea, including biodiversity, requires a sound scientific basis in natural and social and economic sciences, strong assessment methods, indicators comparable across LMEs, effective monitoring routines and good governance based on full stakeholder participation. In each LME project good science is needed, often to be done by many more marine scientists and social and economic experts very competent in their own field but also willing to enter fruitful discussions with experts in other fields in order to develop overarching concepts and solutions. In Africa alone several thousand professionals of different levels of training and experience are now engaged in the LME projects. They have been trained by the concerted efforts of the countries of the region with substantial and continued outside support. The greatest need for further capacity building is in countries bordering the tropical and subtropical parts of the world’s oceans. Here the need for food security is most pressing and the loss of biodiversity is greatest. Enhancement of scientific and technical capacity means primarily investing in people and institutions. The BCLME Programme and other LME projects have done much in terms of augmenting the scientific, technical and administrative capacity for marine activities in many countries. Human capacity was created by overseas fellowships, training courses in the region and particularly by training on the job. Any programme for advanced capacity building should be based on close relations to the universities of the region. Much of the capacity built over the years was quickly lost through brain drain. The LME projects together with the local research institutes and universities lost many of their best people moving into more lucrative jobs within the region or overseas. Therefore, any new capacity enhancement programme has to include measures for combating the brain drain. This is mostly a matter of governmental policies providing adequate incentives in terms of higher salaries, career assurance and better working conditions particularly for women, who constitute a major or even the major part of the scientific and technical staff in marine science in developing countries. The need for a new generation of experts The complexity of the ecosystem approach to fisheries and other marine activities calls for a new generation of professionals, addressing the sustainability 113
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
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levels below fish in the marine foo
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LME observations are integrated int
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Sea surface temperature: The Earth
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een applying ecosystem-based method
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Figure 14. Value of reported landin
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3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
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The Global Environment Facility (GE
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eing used to hindcast and forecast
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Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
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ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
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Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
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At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
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are all actively involved in reachi
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waste disposal, transportation, rec
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The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
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Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
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Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
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Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
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The workshop used a logic framework
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The institutional arrangements outl
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The Benguela Current Commission sta
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November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128: A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130: acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132: Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134: The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136: Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138: ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140: 1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
Page 141 and 142: of the United States H. A. Walker K
Page 143 and 144: 25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146: Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148: 2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150: 14. Applications of the large marin
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