Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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Benguela – Current of Plenty 2008 -- A history of international cooperation in marine science and ecosystem management. Edited by Gotthilf Hempel, Michael O’Toole and Neville Sweijd. Published by the Benguela Current Commission, Gunther Komnick Studio, Cape Town. 145 p. plus CD film, ”Current of Plenty”. Benguela Current Commission. 2007. Interim Agreement, Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Programme Coordination Unit. UNDP, Windhoek, Namibia: 1-11 (English and Portuguese). Croll, P. 1998. Moderators Report on Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) First Regional Workshop. UNDP, 22-24 July 1998, Cape Town, South Africa. 73 p. Cullinan, C., S. Munkejord and H. Currie. 2004. Institutional study regarding the establishment of a regional organization to promote integrated management and sustainable use of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem. Report by EnAct International for UNOPS. 85 p. O’Toole, MJ, LV Shannon, V. de Barros Neto and DE Malan. 2001. Integrated management of the Benguela Current region. In: Science and Integrated Coastal Management. Edited by B. von Bodungen and R.K. Turner. Dahlem University Press, Berlin. 229-252. Shannon, LV and MJ O’Toole. 1999. Integrated overview of the oceanography and environmental variability of the Benguela Current region. BCLME Thematic Report No.2. UNDP, Windhoek. 57 p. Shannon, LV and MJ O’Toole. 2003. “Sustainability of the Benguela: ex Africa semper aliquid novi,”. In G. Hempel and K. Sherman, eds. Large Marine Ecosystems of the World. Chapter 10. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 227-253. Shannon, LV, G. Hempel, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, C. Maloney and J.Woods. 2006. Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem. LME Series 14, Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands. 410p. BCLME Website: www.bclme.org This website contains all publications, reports and outputs resulting from the BCLME Programme and includes copies of the TDA, SAP, the BCC Interim Agreement and six annual newsletters (2003-2008). Contact: Dr Michael J. O’Toole (Chief Technical Advisor) E-mail: otoole.mick@gmail.com 62
The Recovery and Sustainability of the Baltic Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Jan Thulin International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Copenhagen, Denmark The Baltic Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (BSLME) is a unique and productive ecosystem under stress from harmful and unsustainable human activities and practices. Efforts are now gaining momentum to enhance cooperation between the riparian countries and the main international institutions involved in the science, advice and management of the marine environment including the region’s fisheries, with a view to the recovery of the Baltic Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (BSLME) and the sustainability of socioeconomic benefits for the coastal nations and their communities. Main characteristics of the Baltic Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Geologically, biologically and in human terms, the Baltic Sea LME is a young, relatively shallow semi-enclosed sea. About 15,000 years ago, the thick ice belt which then covered the whole of Scandinavia started melting and a fresh water Baltic ice lake was established. During the following 9,000 years, this water area developed into a wholly marine area, then, once more, into an enclosed fresh water area before it again developed into a marine area, about 6,000 years ago. At its present state of development, the Baltic Sea’s marine life is less than 4,000 years old. Today, the Baltic Sea LME is a semi-enclosed brackish water area, the second largest in the world after the Black Sea, with a surface area of about 415,000 km 2 . The average depth of the Baltic Sea is around 50 meters. The deepest waters are in the Landsort Deep in the Baltic proper, where depths of 459 meters have been recorded. More than 200 rivers empty into the Baltic Sea, providing a catchment or drainage area of about 1,700,00 km 2 , that is approximately four times larger than the Baltic Sea itself. This catchment area is viewed as a component of the Baltic Sea LME, as it is now recognized that natural (e.g. precipitation and floods) and anthropogenic (e.g. pollution) effects occurring in the land-based watershed result in impacts on the living resources of the Baltic Sea LME. The Baltic Sea is characterized by a persistent vertical stratification of its water layers, with a residence (turn-over) time for full exchange of its water mass 63
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
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those goals in mind, BCLME became a
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2007 was a step in that direction.
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Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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