Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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eplicated to support several emerging partnerships of significant importance to the coastal and marine environment. Table 1. List of nutrient reduction investment projects supported by the GEF. The mid-term report on the Danube River and Black Sea partnership shows progress and recovery in the Black Sea environment (GEF 2005). 8 Country and Sector Operation Status $ Mil Romania: Agricultural Pollution Control Completed 5.15 Bulgaria : Wetland Restoration and Pollution Reduction Approved 7.5 Moldova: Agricultural Pollution Control Approved 4.95 Turkey: Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Approved 7 Serbia and Montenegro: Reduction of Enterprise Nutrient Discharges Approved 9.02 Bosnia-Herzegovina : Water Quality Protection Approved 4.25 Hungary: Reduction of Nutrient Discharges Approved 12.5 Moldova: Wastewater, Environmental Infrastructure Romania: Integrated Agriculture Nutrient Pollution Control Approved 4.56 Approved 5 Croatia: Agricultural Pollution Control Approved 4.81 Ukraine: Odessa Wastewater Treatment (est. Jan 2009) GEF Support for the LME Movement Pending 5 The GEF supported, ecosystem-based approach is centered on LMEs and participative processes that build political and stakeholder commitment and action. The inter-ministerial buy-in sets the stage for the world community to invest in capacity building and technology. This collective response to global conventions and other instruments can be achieved in a practical manner. The iterative framework for adaptive management can address new issues or unexpected ecological developments.
Ultimately, each nation must find a way to balance capture fisheries, fishmeal fisheries, aquaculture, and biodiversity conservation, with food security support for the poor, and public, regulatory, and program reforms. Removing subsidies, improving global trade policies, establishing safety nets for poor coastal communities, undertaking management reforms, securing property rights, and conserving marine biodiversity through protected areas and limited use zones are all part of the reform picture to reverse the decline of marine fisheries. GEF LME projects show that a place-based approach helps focus the attention of competing nations and competing ministries on the multiple benefits to be derived from global instruments. Instead of establishing competing programs and duplicating efforts, LME projects address priority transboundary issues in an integrated manner—in accordance with UNCLOS, Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, the Jakarta Mandate of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), the Global Programme of Action (GPA) of UNEP and under the Climate Change Treaty. Whether undertaken in LMEs or at an equivalent LME level as in the GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA project, the place-based participatory process generates political solutions and commitments to reverse marine degradation and resource depletion. Sound science informs policy-making when an ecosystembased approach to management can be developed and stakeholders can be engaged. The place-based participatory process engages governments and stakeholders to understand what is needed for implementing integrated management and capacity building. Marine science has all too often remained confined to the science community and has not embraced policy-making. The shared commitment and vision embodied in the SAP has proven essential in GEF-LME projects for developing partnerships that can sustain commitment to action. Participating countries cooperate in establishing adaptive management structures and indicators. The countries in adopting their own LME-specific ecosystem targets collectively track their progress on-the-ground and enact conventions or protocols to existing treaties to express their joint commitment. Establishing partnerships with bilateral, multilateral, and UN agencies is resulting in a realignment of priorities toward WSSD targets, as these agencies assist countries in making policy, legal, and institutional reforms in different economic sectors. For 2006-2010, GEF will likely commit over US $230 million in grants to LMErelated projects, which will likely leverage over US $1 billion in co-financing. As of October 2008, GEF funding support has achieved 75% of that expectation, with funding expected in 9 LME projects. The investment will ramp up further support. Figure 2 illustrates the time-trend of GEF support in the International Waters focal area. Co-financing barely kept up with GEF funding in the early years; more recently, countries in entering the investment phase of the 10-year project span have received co-financing that greatly exceeds the GEF allocations. This shows the commitment of countries and the leverage that these GEF-LME projects can 9
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
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The Benguela Current Commission sta
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November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
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Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
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estimated at 30 years. These featur
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Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
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Over the years the BSRP has produce
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and with the Swedish Meteorological
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Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
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has been instrumental in the prepar
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Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
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The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
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As a result, larger, higher trophic
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Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
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competitive species uses the surplu
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system based on sustainable food pr
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Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
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already happened. Moreover, most fi
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important scientific information to
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(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
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The purpose of this activity is to
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UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
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The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
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potential of coastal and marine fis
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activities to support local uses of
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The percentage of protection is sti
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women, were further key aspects of
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Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
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those goals in mind, BCLME became a
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2007 was a step in that direction.
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Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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