Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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FAO, 2007. The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2006. Fisheries Dept. ISBN 978- 92-5-105568-7. FAO. Rome. GEF, 1995. Global Environment Facility Operational Strategy. Washington, DC. 71p. GEF, 2005. Danube/Black Sea Basin Strategic Partnership Interim Progress Report. GEF Report GEF/C.27/Inf.6. 28p. Jackson, J.B.C. et al. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629-638. Myers, R. A. and B. Worm. 2003. Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423:280-283. Paterson, C. and J. Pernetta, 2008. Integrating Fisheries and Habitat Management: Fisheries Refugia in the South China Sea. GEF International Waters Experience Note 2008-002. Washington, DC. 8 p. Pauly, D. et al. 1998. Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279:860-863. Sherman, K., 1994. Sustainability, biomass yields, and health of coastal ecosystems: An ecological perspective. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 112: 277-301. Sherman, K., Belkin, I., Seitzinger, S., Hoagland, P., Jin, D., Aquarone, M.C., and S. Adams. 2009. LME Indicators of Coastal Ocean Condition. In this volume. Thia-Eng, C. 1998. Lessons learned from practicing integrated coastal management in Southeast Asia. Ambio 27(8):599-610. World Bank. 2008. The Sunken Billions. The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform. World Bank Group, Washington. 86p. Worm, B. et al. 2006. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314: 787-79. 12
Indicators of Changing States of Large Marine Ecosystems Kenneth Sherman*, Igor Belkin**, Sybil Seitzinger***, Porter Hoagland ****, Di Jin****, Marie-Christine Aquarone*, and Sally Adams* The Large Marine Ecosystem Approach A global movement that applies an ecosystem based management (EBM) approach to recover marine goods and services is presently being practiced in a growing number of developing countries. It is known as the Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) approach, and it is being endorsed and supported by governments world-wide, as well as by financial institutions including the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank and by a broad constituency in the scientific community. While we concur with the movement toward an ecosystem-based approach to the management of marine fisheries (Pikitch et al. 2004), it is important to recognize that a broader, place-based approach to marine ecosystem assessment and management, focused on clearly delineated ecosystem units, is needed. In 2005, Large Marine Ecosystems were recognized in a scientific consensus statement by over 200 marine scientists, academics and policy experts as important global areas for practicing ecosystem-based research, assessment and management of ocean goods and services (McLeod et al. 2005). A movement is presently under way to assess and manage a growing number of the world’s LMEs, with the support of financial grants, and donor and UN partnerships, in nations of Africa, Asia, Latin America and eastern Europe. It is within the boundaries of 64 LMEs (Figure 1), that 80% of mean annual marine fisheries yields is produced, overfishing is most severe, marine pollution is concentrated, and eutrophication and anoxia are increasing. *National Marine Fisheries Service, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA ** Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI USA ***IGBP Secretariat, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden ****Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA 13
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
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Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
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estimated at 30 years. These featur
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Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
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Over the years the BSRP has produce
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and with the Swedish Meteorological
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Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
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has been instrumental in the prepar
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Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
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The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
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As a result, larger, higher trophic
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Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
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competitive species uses the surplu
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system based on sustainable food pr
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Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
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already happened. Moreover, most fi
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important scientific information to
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(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
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The purpose of this activity is to
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UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
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The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
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potential of coastal and marine fis
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activities to support local uses of
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The percentage of protection is sti
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women, were further key aspects of
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Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
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those goals in mind, BCLME became a
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2007 was a step in that direction.
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Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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