Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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a wide variety of species other than marine fish that can be cultured successfully to help improve the livelihood of local fishers (Hoang Tung, 2002). It is anticipated that the Nha Trang Bay MPA can be used as a model for the development of the other 14 MPAs planned for the coast of Vietnam over the next decade. Financed by the Global Environment Facility through the World Bank, DANIDA (Government of Denmark), and the Government of Vietnam, the Hon Mun MPA Pilot Project in Nha Trang Bay was implemented by IUCN in partnership with the Vietnamese Ministry of Fisheries and Khanh Hoa Province. The Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem MAPPING MPAS TO HELP PROMOTE A COHERENT INTERNATIONAL NETWORK In collaboration with WWF and MedPAN, the network of managers of Mediterranean MPAs, the IUCN has built an inventory and assessed the status of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea LME. It is the first survey of Mediterranean MPAs that includes a data collection of management characteristics and is based on questionnaire responses. Eighteen countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea LME participated in MPA management agencies. The database contains accurate data and useful information for all known MPAs. Users can search sites by country, and find information on: • General characteristics of the MPA (contacts, map, size, geographical coordinates, zonation, IUCN management category, legal references); • MPA Management (management plan, surveillance and enforcement, equipment, staff, monitoring programme, and illegal activities); • Habitats and species currently under protection, and health status of key habitats and species; and • Main threats affecting Mediterranean MPAs. The main aim of this initiative is to provide an updated baseline to assess the progress being made in the development of an ecologically representative and coherent network of MPAs in the Mediterranean Sea LME. It is offered as a resource to MPA managers, institutions, scientists, decision-makers, and the general public, to be better informed on the marine conservation work being accomplished in the region. Mediterranean MPAs do not yet fully represent all the diverse habitats of the region. Sixty nine of them (or 73.4%) are located along the LME’s northern shore, highlighting the lack of MPAs along the southern and eastern coasts. These under-represented regions and habitats are ecologically distinctive in terms of their oceanography and biogeography. Many MPAs are ecologically isolated, with 75% of the MPAs separated by more than 30 km. 106
The percentage of protection is still a long way from the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) target (10% by 2012). Marine protected and managed areas represent 3.8% of the Mediterranean Sea LME. If the Pelagos Sanctuary is not taken into account, the area is only 0.4% of the total surface area. MPAs should be implemented in the southern and eastern Mediterranean as these areas present major needs and challenges related to management and surveillance capacity. Figure 5. Marine Protected Areas of the Mediterranean. Agulhas and Somali Current LMEs, East Coast of Africa TANGA FISHERIES RESERVE The Western Indian Ocean is home to over 11,000 plants and animals, of which nearly 15% are endemic to the region. Marine Protected Areas are key to the survival of marine biodiversity. Establishing and managing such areas must be carried out to ensure that the needs of all those who use and depend on the ocean are taken into account. The IUCN approach is to involve all stakeholders in the management of these areas, for the equitable sharing of their benefits. 107
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
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levels below fish in the marine foo
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LME observations are integrated int
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Sea surface temperature: The Earth
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een applying ecosystem-based method
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Figure 14. Value of reported landin
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3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
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The Global Environment Facility (GE
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eing used to hindcast and forecast
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Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
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ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
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Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
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At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
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are all actively involved in reachi
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waste disposal, transportation, rec
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The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
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Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
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Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
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Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
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The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113: activities to support local uses of
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122: those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128: A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130: acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132: Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134: The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136: Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138: ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140: 1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
Page 141 and 142: of the United States H. A. Walker K
Page 143 and 144: 25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146: Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148: 2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150: 14. Applications of the large marin
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