Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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2009 © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Printed in China Contributors: Alfred M. Duda, Global Environment Facility, Washington, DC Kenneth Sherman, NOAA, NMFS, NEFSC, Narragansett Laboratory, Narragansett, RI Igor Belkin, Graduate School of oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI Sybil Seitzinger, IGBP Secretariat, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden Porter Hoagland, Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA Di Jin, Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA Sally Adams, NOAA, NMFS, NEFSC, Narragansett Laboratory, Narragansett, RI Michael O’Toole, Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co.Galway, Ireland Jan Thulin, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, Denmark Qisheng Tang, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao, China Mark Walton, UNDP/GEF project “Reducing environmental stress in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem:, KORDI compound, Republic of Korea Yihang Jiang, UNDP/GEF project “Reducing environmental stress in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem:, KORDI compound, Republic of Korea James Oliver, IUCN Global Marine Programme Dan Laffoley, IUCN Global Marine Programme Carl Gustaf Lundin, IUCN Global Marine Programme Gotthilf Hempel, Kiel, Germany Marie-Christine Aquarone, NOAA, NMFS, NEFSC, Narragansett Laboratory, Narragansett, RI Citation: Sherman, K., Aquarone, M.C. and Adams, S. (Editors) 2009. Sustaining the World’s Large Marine Ecosystems. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. viii+142p. This publication was made possible through support provided by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ISBN: 978-2-8317-1157-7 Contacts: Kenneth Sherman, NOAA LME Program Office, Narragansett Laboratory, Narragansett, RI Kenneth.Sherman@noaa.gov, or James Oliver, Global Marine Programme,. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland James.Oliver@iucn.org ii
Preface This volume, Sustaining the World’s Large Marine Ecosystems, is a collaborative effort of NOAA’s Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) Program, and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The IUCN is the world’s largest global environmental network. Its members include governments, nongovernmental organizations and 10,000 volunteer scientists in 160 countries. The IUCN Global Marine Programme has eight focus areas related to the conservation and sustainable use of oceans: climate change mitigation and adaptation, coastal livelihoods, the conservation of threatened species, energy and industry, fisheries and aquaculture, the management of marine invasive species, marine protected areas, and ocean governance. The IUCN promotes large marine ecosystem monitoring, assessment, management and biodiversity conservation through its support of capacity building and socioeconomic studies that further the understanding of ecological processes that drive the coastal economies of developing countries. Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) are regions of ocean space of 200,000 km² or greater, that encompass coastal areas from river basins and estuaries to the outer margins of a continental shelf or the seaward extent of a predominant coastal current. LMEs are defined by ecological criteria, including bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophically linked populations. The LME concept for ecosystem-based management with its 5-module approach focused on productivity, fish and fisheries, pollution and ecosystem health, socioeconomics, and governance, was selected as a notable scientific breakthrough and commemorated in 2007 during the celebration of 200 years of ocean science by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and its predecessor agencies (http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/). LME Projects One hundred and ten developing countries are presently engaged in 16 joint international projects in Africa, Asia, Latin America and eastern Europe, that are based on the LME approach and use the LME as a management unit. The projects are funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the World Bank, participating countries, and other donors at a level of $1.8 billion. The GEF LME projects apply an ecosystem based management (EBM) strategy to (i) recover depleted marine fish and fisheries, (ii) reduce and control coastal pollution and nutrient over-enrichment, (iii) restore degraded habitats, (iv) establish marine protected areas and (v) sustain ecosystem goods and services. LME Project Partners NOAA and IUCN are providing technical and scientific support to the projects through close partnerships with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Intergovernmental Oceano- iii
Page 1: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
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The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
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Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
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Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
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Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
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The workshop used a logic framework
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The institutional arrangements outl
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The Benguela Current Commission sta
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November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
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Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
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estimated at 30 years. These featur
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Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
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Over the years the BSRP has produce
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and with the Swedish Meteorological
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Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
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has been instrumental in the prepar
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Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
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The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
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As a result, larger, higher trophic
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Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
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competitive species uses the surplu
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system based on sustainable food pr
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Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
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already happened. Moreover, most fi
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important scientific information to
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(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
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The purpose of this activity is to
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UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
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The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
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potential of coastal and marine fis
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activities to support local uses of
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The percentage of protection is sti
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women, were further key aspects of
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Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
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those goals in mind, BCLME became a
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2007 was a step in that direction.
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Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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