Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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Over the years the BSRP has produced over 3,000 pages of scientific and public outreach reports and made about 150 power point presentations. It is considered a major key player in strategies and actions to improve the status of the Baltic Sea environment. The following is a brief review of some of the key problems and threats to the Baltic Sea LME, and some of the BSRP activities and solutions to cope with them. 68 CC: Coordination Centre LL: Lead Laboratory LIU: Local Implem. unit LIU and C Fisheries Riga LL CES surveys Kaliningrad LL Fish age/ Stomach anal. Riga LL Coastal Activities Tallinn CC Ecosystem Health Gdynia LL Salmon Restoration Riga LL Fish Diseases Kaliningrad Working Structure Coordinators, C1, C2 LIU and CC Productivity Riga LL Alien Species Klaipeda LL Biodiversity St. Petersburg Co-LPM SOOP Tallinn LIU and CC GIS & Data Vilnius LL Phytoplankton Monitoring SOOP Tallinn LL Zooplankton Gdynia Co-LPM MMED + Institutes in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sweden and USA LIU and CC Socio-economy Tallinn Co-LPM CZM Figure 2. The working structure of the Baltic Sea Regional Project (BSRP), with Coordination Centers, Lead Laboratories and Local Implementation Units in different countries adjacent to the Baltic Sea LME. Productivity and Ecosystem Health Eutrophication, or nutrient over-enrichment, is the biggest problem facing the Baltic Sea. Increasing amounts of nutrients in the marine environment result in increased plant biomass and production, which in turn lead to elevated amounts of organic matter circulating in the ecosystem. The excess organic matter requires more oxygen, both when it is alive and when it is decaying. In the Baltic Sea LME, which experiences only rare major flushing events, eutrophication frequently leads to serious oxygen depletion and the formation of toxic hydrogen sulphide in the deeper regions. This has resulted in so-called dead bottom areas, nearly devoid of typical benthic animals and bottom living fish, covering nearly a third of the bottom area of the Baltic Sea LME. The input of nutrients to the Baltic Sea has increased greatly since about the 1940s, with nitrogen and
phosphorous rising by about three to five times the 1940s level. The most important human-related source of these nutrients in the Baltic Sea is agriculture, where farmers use excessive manure and artificial fertilizers for the production of their crops, and the surplus runs into the sea via streams and rivers. This is especially true for the eastern Baltic countries, i.e. the BSRP recipient countries. Additionally, the situation is exacerbated by changes in land use and the loss of wetlands, as well as by the discharge of sewage from urban and industrial sources. Other complicating environmental factors affecting eutrophication trends are increased temperatures due to climate change in the Baltic Sea area. Plankton production often gives rise to harmful blooms such as the potentially toxic blue-green cyanobacteria blooms in the summer that can be seen from satellite imagery. These excessive blooms of plant material and associated decay cause major problems by reducing water quality through oxygen deficiency and increased turbidity. This makes it difficult to meet bathing water standards on the beaches. Thus, eutrophication is often associated with declining recreational and tourist amenities. Furthermore, increased levels of nutrients lead to the loss of rare species and habitats that are adapted to low nutrient levels. Due to the major impact of agriculture on eutrophication in the Baltic, the BSRP component “Land and Coastal activities, C2” concentrated its efforts on increasing awareness in the agricultural sector on environmentally sustainable farm management practices. For this purpose, a series of seminars was held in all rural districts of the beneficiary countries and the seminars were attended by approximately 1,200 farmers. Furthermore, economic support and subsidized loans were given to follow the results. In addition these BSRP activities included the establishment of a system for monitoring and assessment of non-point source pollution originating from farms. In cooperation with WWF, the BSRP C2 intensively promoted community based coastal zone management activities by holding training and awareness activities in more than 120 schools for about 16,000 pupils. The BSRP further performed a series of demonstration activities including work in rivers to restore crayfish and trout habitats, and restoration of over 300 hectares of coastal wetlands/meadows in the three Baltic republics. The BSRP Coordination Center of Productivity (CCPROD) together with its Lead Laboratories (LLs) (Figure 2) have performed a number of major and innovative activities to improve cooperation and assessment of productivity parameters. Soon after its establishment, the CCPROD integrated environmental aspects and productivity into fisheries assessments. This was one significant step that improved the sustainable management of Baltic Sea fisheries. The CCPROD also tested and implemented ECOPATH modeling for comparative productivity analysis, and improved zooplankton modeling by methodological intercomparisons. These activities and the results thereof were discussed and considered in projects and working groups at both HELCOM and ICES. In collaboration with the Algaline project at the Finnish Institute of Marine Research, 69
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122: those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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