Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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The Benguela Current Commission started to take form in 2004 when a feasibility study was commissioned to establish a regional organisation that would promote integrated management and the sustainable use of the BCLME. This was followed by a second study focusing on economics which analysed the costs and benefits of cooperative research and management. Both reports recommended establishing a regional organisation that would implement an ecosystem approach to ocean governance in the Benguela Current LME. Further consultations were held with regional stakeholders between 2004 and 2006 to determine the structure and organisation of the Commission including its mandate. These negotiations finally resulted in an interim agreement by the three countries and the subsequent formation of the Benguela Current Commission. The structure of the regional body includes a Management Board, with which sub-committees on marine living resources, minerals and oil, ecosystem health and environment would directly liaise. The Management Board is served by a Secretariat, with an Executive Secretary and Ecosystem Coordinator, and by an Ecosystem Advisory Committee supported by various scientific working groups (Figure 3). 58 • Living Marine Resources Committee • Minerals & Oil Committee • Ecosystem Health & Environment Committee The Benguela Current Commission Ministerial Conference BCC Management Board Secretariat Ecosystem Advisory Committee Working Groups Working Groups Figure 3. Structure and organization of the Benguela Current Commission. The advisory mandate of the Commission is broad. The Commission will determine optimal levels of harvesting with respect to shared fish stocks, the
establishment of marine protected areas, the restoration of environmentally degraded areas, and the conservation of biological diversity. The Commission will also adopt regulatory frameworks on the discharge of sewage, pollutants and other waste matter, and provide guidelines on water quality standards. The interim agreement of the BCC was formally signed in August 2006 by the Namibia ministers of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Environment and Tourism and Mines and Energy, and by the South Africa Minister for Environmental Affairs and Tourism. The agreement was subsequently signed by the Angola ministers of Fisheries, Urbanism, the Environment and Petroleum in Luanda in January 2007. The first meeting of the Ministerial Conference of the BCC was held in Windhoek in July 2007. LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE Our knowledge and understanding of the dynamics and functioning of the Benguela Current ecosystem has advanced substantially. Angola, Namibia and South Africa have taken significant strides towards meeting the targets set for fisheries and the environment at the Johannesburg World Summit for Sustainable Development in 2002. Regional research institutes, universities, and consultancy groups have worked closely to build regional scientific research and management capacity and to gather and analyse a wide range of information that is vital for the responsible management of the LME and its natural resources. Management tools have been developed and recommendations made that translate policy into actions. Much of the work has been transboundary in nature and has contributed to our knowledge of the Benguela Current and how best to rebuild, conserve and manage its resources. Support and encouragement by NOAA, the IUCN, the IOC/UNESCO and UNEP provided to other LMEs world-wide through the annual LME consultative committee meetings in Paris, was of great assistance in achieving our objectives. The partnership with FAO in developing an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) in the region also played a key role in building confidence and empowering fisheries agencies to broaden their perspective and approach to fisheries management. In the last five years, the BCLME project has forged strong links with the GEFsupported Guinea Current, Canary Current, and Agulhas and Somali Current LME projects through consultative meetings, training, capacity building activities, shared transboundary fisheries, pollution surveys, and regional workshops. Close cooperation was also developed with the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) through GOOS-Africa, which led to strong partnerships in building capacity and training in operational oceanography and ocean monitoring systems particularly satellite remote sensing. A highlight of this cooperation was the Pan-African Forum on Large Marine Ecosystems held in Cape Town in 59
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
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women, were further key aspects of
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Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
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those goals in mind, BCLME became a
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2007 was a step in that direction.
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Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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