Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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Decadal rates of SST warming in these three regions are two-to-four times the global mean. An example of rapid warming is given in Figure 10. Figure 10. East China Sea LME annual mean SST (left) and SST anomalies (right), 1957-2006, based on Hadley climatology (after Belkin 2009). 2) Fish and Fisheries Module Indicators Changes in biodiversity and species dominance within fish communities of LMEs have resulted from excessive exploitation, naturally occurring environmental shifts caused by climate change, and coastal pollution. Changes in biodiversity and species dominance in a fish community can move up the food web to apex predators and cascade down the food web to plankton components of the ecosystem. The fish and fisheries module includes both fisheries independent bottom-trawl surveys and pelagic-species acoustic surveys to obtain time-series information on changes in fish biodiversity and abundance levels (AFSC 2006; NEFSC 2002; NEFSC 2006). Standardized sampling procedures, when employed from small calibrated trawlers, can provide important information on changes in fish species (Sherman 1993) . Fish catch provides biological samples for stock identification, stomach content analyses, age-growth relationships, fecundity, and coastal pollution monitoring for possibly associated pathological conditions, as well as data for preparing stock assessments and for clarifying and quantifying multispecies trophic relationships. The survey vessels can also be used as platforms for obtaining water, sediment, and benthic samples for monitoring harmful algal blooms, diseases, anoxia, and changes in benthic communities. A list of fish and fisheries surveys for demersal and pelagic indicators is given in Figure 11. The Northeast Fishery Science Center (NEFSC) of NOAA has the longest continuous time-series of US data and information on ecosystem changing states. It is in the US Northeast Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, extending over 260,000 km 2 from the Gulf of Maine southward to Cape Hatteras, NC, where NEFSC scientists, economists, and other marine specialists have 22
een applying ecosystem-based methods for assessing living marine resources and their environments—methods that have served as the principal prototype for the GEF-LME projects. Indicators for fish and fisheries model are based on the results of trawl surveys for demersal species and acoustic surveys for pelagic species (Figure 12). FISH AND FISHERIES INDICATORS • Demersal species surveys • Pelagic species surveys • Ichthyoplankton surveys • Invertebrate surveys (clams, scallops, shrimp, lobster, squid) • Essential fish habitat • Marine protected areas Figure 11. Indicators for the Fish and Fisheries Module. Sea Around Us Project Fisheries Indicators: Daniel Pauly and his colleagues from the Sea Around Us Project at the University of British Columbia have provided fisheries indicators for 63 LMEs (Sherman and Hempel 2008), including fisheries biomass yields (catch) and dollar value, stock exploitation levels, the amount of primary productivity required to support the catch, Ecopath/Ecosim modeling results depicting mean-annual trophic levels of fish catches and fisheries in balance indices, and levels of exploitation: Graphic time-series examples of these indicators for the fish and fisheries of the Guinea Current LME are given in Figures 13 through 17 (Sea Around Us Project (SAUP) (Sherman and Hempel 2008). 23
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81:
Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83:
has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86:
Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88:
The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90:
As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94:
competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96:
system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98:
Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100:
already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102:
important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104:
(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106:
The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108:
UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110:
The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112:
potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114:
activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116:
The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118:
women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120:
Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122:
those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124:
2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126:
Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128:
A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130:
acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132:
Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134:
The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136:
Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138:
ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140:
1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146:
Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148:
2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150:
14. Applications of the large marin
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