Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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Figure 1. Map of the 64 Large Marine Ecosystems of the world and their linked watersheds (Sherman et al. 2004). The LMEs for which ecosystem based assessment and management practices are being introduced include: the Agulhas Current and Somali Current, the Baltic Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Benguela Current, the Black Sea, the Canary Current, the Caribbean Sea, the Guinea Current, the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of Thailand, the Indonesian Sea, the Humboldt Current, the Mediterranean Sea, the South China Sea, the Sulu-Celebes Sea, and the Yellow Sea LMEs. The LMEs are natural regions of coastal ocean space encompassing waters from river basins and estuaries to the seaward boundaries of continental shelves and seaward margins of coastal currents and water masses. They are relatively large regions characterized by distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophically dependent populations (Duda and Sherman 2002) Since 1995, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has provided substantial funding to support country-driven projects for introducing multisectoral ecosystem-based assessment and management practices for recovery and sustainability of LME goods and services located around the margins of the oceans. Primary productivity supporting marine populations in LMEs is higher than in the open ocean (Figure 2). At present, 110 developing countries are 14
engaged in the preparation and implementation of 16 GEF-LME projects totaling $1.8 billion in start-up funding (Sherman et al. 2007). Figure 2. Global map of average primary productivity and the boundaries of the 64 Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) of the world, available at www.lme.noaa.gov. The annual productivity estimates are based on SeaWiFS satellite data collected between September 1998 and August 1999, and the model developed by M. Behrenfeld and P.G. Falkowski (1997). The color-enhanced image provided by Rutgers University depicts primary productivity from a high of 450 gCm 2 yr -1 in red to less than 45 gCm 2 yr -1 in purple. The 5 Modules—Suites of time series, LME condition indicators A five-module indicator approach to assessment and management of LMEs has proven useful in ecosystem-based projects in the USA and elsewhere, using suites of indicators of LME productivity, fish and fisheries, pollution and ecosystem health, socioeconomics, and governance. The suites of LME indicators are used to measure the changing states of LMEs in relation to a driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) system in support of adaptive management actions (Figure 3). The effort to better understand climate variability, to improve the long-term sustainability of marine goods and services, and to move in the direction of ecosystem-based ocean management applies to all 64 LMEs and linked watersheds. For example, climate warming of 1° in the North Sea LME can result in a reduction in primary productivity leading to a decline in fisheries biomass yield (Figure 3). The methodology used for input to the DPSIR is based on the application of the five-modular LME approach. Since 1984, NOAA’s Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) Program has been engaged in the development of an ecosystem-based approach to support the assessment and management of marine resources and their environments. The approach uses indicators of ecosystem (i) productivity, (ii) fish and fisheries, (iii) pollution and ecosystem health, (iv) socioeconomics, and (v) governance (Figure 4). Taken together, the modules provide indicators 15
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73:
estimated at 30 years. These featur
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Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
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Over the years the BSRP has produce
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and with the Swedish Meteorological
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Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
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has been instrumental in the prepar
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Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
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The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
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As a result, larger, higher trophic
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Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
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competitive species uses the surplu
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system based on sustainable food pr
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Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
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already happened. Moreover, most fi
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important scientific information to
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(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
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The purpose of this activity is to
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UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
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The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
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potential of coastal and marine fis
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activities to support local uses of
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The percentage of protection is sti
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women, were further key aspects of
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Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
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those goals in mind, BCLME became a
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2007 was a step in that direction.
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Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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