Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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There is large spatial variation around the world in river nutrient export, including different patterns for the different nutrient forms (DIN, DON and PN) (Seitzinger and Harrison 2008) (Figure 22). Figure 22. NEWS-model-predicted A) DIN, B) DON, and C) PN yield (kg N km-2 yr-1) to LMEs from basins globally. Figure from Seitzinger and Harrison (2008) based on model output replotted from Harrison et al. 2005b, Dumont et al. 2005, and Beusen et al. 2005. 32
Using N yield (kg N per km 2 watershed per year that is exported to the river mouth), DIN yield shows considerable variation at regional and continental scales, as well as among adjacent watersheds. Land-based pollution of coastal waters in LMEs can have sources in multiple countries often located upstream at a considerable distance from the coastal zone. The release of nutrients into rivers can cross national borders and create environmental, social and economic impacts along the way - until reaching the coastal zone, which may be in a different country. Thus an LME transboundary approach is essential for identifying watershed nutrient sources and coastal nutrient loading to support policy development and implementation in LMEs that will reduce current and future coastal eutrophication. Bridging the gap between land-based activities and LME waters: Few estimates of nutrient loading have been made in individual LMEs, and only in the Baltic Sea LME has source apportionment been investigated (ECOPS et al. 1995; HELCOM 2001). As a first step in bridging the gap between land-based activities and LME waters, the relative magnitude and distribution of DIN loading from watersheds to LMEs globally was examined. The assessment was focused on N because it is often the most limiting nutrient in coastal waters and thus important in controlling coastal eutrophication. DIN is often the most abundant and bioavailable form of nitrogen, and therefore contributes significantly to coastal eutrophication. Watershed DIN export to rivers predicted by the NEWS model described above was compiled for 63 LMEs (Figure 23). The Antarctic LME data base was excluded as information was limited. Total DIN load and yield to each LME was aggregated from all watersheds with coastlines along that LME for point sources and only those watersheds with discharge to that LME for diffuse sources. DIN loading to each LME was attributed to diffuse and point sources including natural biological N2-fixation, agricultural biological N2-fixation, fertilizer, manure, atmospheric deposition and sewage. Dominant sources of DIN to LMEs were also identified. Agriculture is a major source of the anthropogenic DIN export to LMEs (Seitzinger and Lee 2008; Seitzinger et al. 2008). In 91% of the LMEs with agriculture occurring in their related watersheds, over half their anthropogenic export is due to agricultural sources such as agricultural biological fixation, manure, and fertilizer. While the change in model efficiency after removal of the water withdrawal term was low, at a local scale anthropogenic river water removal can have an important impact on DIN export since DIN retention increases as river water is removed (Dumont et al. 2005). The identification of dominant sources of DIN and their relative contribution at the individual LME level is essential for developing effective nutrient management strategies on an ecosystem level. 33
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17 and 18: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 19 and 20: freshwater basins to reverse natura
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
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Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94:
competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96:
system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98:
Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
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already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102:
important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104:
(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106:
The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108:
UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
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The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112:
potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114:
activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116:
The percentage of protection is sti
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women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120:
Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122:
those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124:
2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126:
Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
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A second phase, from the mid 1990s
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acidification and nutrient over-enr
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Tide” that surprised me is that i
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The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
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Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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