Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the winter current system in the Yellow Sea LME (from Gu et al. 1990). Below 50 m, the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass forms seasonally and is characterized by low temperature with the bottom temperature lower than 7°C in its central part. It is believed to be the remnant of local water lifted over from the previous winter due to the effect of cold air from the north (Ho et al. 1959; Guan 1963). Stratification is strongest in summer, with a vertical temperature gradient greater than 10°C/10 m. All rivers into the Yellow Sea LME have peak runoff in summer and minimum discharge in winter, which has important effects on salinity of the coastal waters. 78
The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm temperate zone, and its communities are composed of species with various ecotypes. Warm temperate species are the major component of the biomass, accounting for about 60 percent of the total biomass of resource populations; warm water species and boreal species account for about 15 percent and 25 percent, respectively. The Yellow Sea LME food web is relatively complex, with at least four trophic levels (Tang 1993). There are two trophic pathways: pelagic and demersal. Japanese anchovy and macruran shrimp (e.g., Crangon affinis and southern rough shrimp) are keystone species. About 40 species, including almost all of the higher carnivores of the pelagic and demersal fish, and the cephalopods, feed on anchovy. Crangon affinis and southern rough shrimp, which are eaten by most demersal predators (about 26 species) are numerous and widespread in the Yellow Sea LME. These species occupy an intermediate position between major trophic levels and interlock the food chain to form the Yellow Sea food web. The resource populations in the Yellow Sea LME are multispecies in nature. Approximately 100 species are commercially harvested, including demersal fish (about 66 %), pelagic fish (about 18 %), cephalopods (about 7 %), and crustaceans (about 9 %); about 20 major species accounted for 92 percent of the total biomass of the resource populations, and about 80 species accounted for the other 8 percent. With the introduction of bottom trawl vessels in the early twentieth century, many stocks began to be intensively exploited by Chinese, Korean, and Japanese fishermen (Xia 1960). The stocks remained fairly stable during World War II (Liu 1979). However, due to a remarkable increase in fishing effort and its expansion to the entire Yellow Sea LME, nearly all the major stocks were fully fished by the mid-1970s, and the resources in the ecosystem began to be over-fished in the 1980s (Tang 1989). Aquaculture is a major utilization of the Yellow Sea coastal waters. Major species of mariculture include scallops, oysters, clams, mussels, seaweed, shrimp and some fish. Changing States of the Yellow Sea Ecosystem (1) Changes in Ecosystem Biodiversity Over the past 50 years, dramatic changes in species composition, dominant species and community structure of resource populations in the Yellow Sea LME have been observed — from small yellow croaker and hairtail in the 1950s and early 1960s to Pacific herring and chub mackerel in the 1970s to Japanese anchovy and sandlance after the 1980s. Small-sized, fast-growing, short-lived, and low-valued species increased markedly in abundance during the 1980s and assumed a prominent position in the ecosystem’s resources and food web thereafter (Figure 2 and Figure 3). 79
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
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levels below fish in the marine foo
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LME observations are integrated int
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Sea surface temperature: The Earth
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een applying ecosystem-based method
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Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69: November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71: Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73: estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75: Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77: Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122: those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128: A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130: acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132: Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134: The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136: Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
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14. Applications of the large marin
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Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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