Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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Paradigm Shift The five module LME approach has provided an effective way forward in developing countries for guiding scientists, managers and policy makers in introducing ecosystem based management practices. While ecologists have long studied the structure and function of marine ecosystems (Lubchenco 1994, Levin and Lubchenco 2008), the applied and pragmatic LME approach is directed to assessing and managing large ocean areas for recovering and sustaining marine goods and services. Previous management approaches have often failed to look beyond the individual sectors. Those with regulatory authority over one sector often make decisions on that sector’s uses in isolation from the decisions involving other sectors. Fish harvest decisions are often made on a species-byspecies basis, without accounting for the numerous interactions such as predator-prey or competitive relationships among the species. Ecosystem-based management represents a paradigm shift away from a sector by sector approach and requires a better overall understanding of marine ecosystems and of the transboundary nature of water governance, fisheries, climate change, and water pollution (Figure 4). FROM 120 TO Individual species Ecosystems Small spatial scale Multiple scales Short-term perspective Long-term perspective Humans: independent of ecosystems Humans: integral part of ecosystems Management divorced from research Adaptive management Managing commodities Sustaining production potential for goods and services Figure 4. Ecosystem management requires a paradigm shift. From Jane Lubchenco, 1994. Education and outreach activities supporting ecosystem-based management within LMEs are focused on: (1) Continued investment in sound science and data on LME (i) productivity; (ii) fish and fisheries; (iii) pollution and ecosystem health; (iv) socioeconomics; and (v) governance modules, with an emphasis on transboundary assessments for sound decision-making. (2) Improved understanding of the synergistic role of the five modules, and the combined effects of natural variability and human activities driving habitat destruction, degraded benthos, overfishing, ocean warming, increased
acidification and nutrient over-enrichment in relation to the changing states of marine ecosystems. (3) Engendering a willingness on the part of scientists to communicate scientific findings more widely and develop strategies for becoming true collaborators in the policy process (Sponberg 2008). (4) Expanding LME practitioners membership and an improved communications network. The GEF-funded LME projects have now reached a point where it is beneficial and useful to share experiences, information, technological improvements, measurable benefits, and lessons learned, and make the information available on the LME portal, www.lme.noaa.gov. (5) Production of public education materials and curricula geared towards an ecosystem-based approach are being prepared to inform and educate broad audiences as well as school children and students. Materials are being developed that are suited to specific LME settings. (6) Continued capacity building efforts for ecosystem-based assessment and management to support the recovery and sustainability of coastal oceans at a time of climate change, biodiversity loss, and loss of sustainable livelihoods from oceans. To face this challenge it is important to continue training marine experts through LME methodology workshops. Outreach through DVDs Two DVDs have been produced to demonstrate current stress on the oceans of the world, and the utility of the LME approach to initiate ecosystem recovery: (1) Turning the Tide – Sustaining the Earth’s Large Marine Ecosystems (26 minutes) 121
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Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
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Preface This volume, Sustaining the
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describing practical applications o
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Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
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GEF Support for the Global Movement
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ozone depletion, and international
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These processes are critical for in
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(BCLME) project serves as a success
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Ultimately, each nation must find a
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freshwater basins to reverse natura
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Indicators of Changing States of La
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engaged in the preparation and impl
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levels below fish in the marine foo
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LME observations are integrated int
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Sea surface temperature: The Earth
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een applying ecosystem-based method
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Figure 14. Value of reported landin
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3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
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The Global Environment Facility (GE
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eing used to hindcast and forecast
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Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
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ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
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Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
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At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
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are all actively involved in reachi
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waste disposal, transportation, rec
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The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
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Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
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Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
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Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
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The workshop used a logic framework
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The institutional arrangements outl
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The Benguela Current Commission sta
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November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
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Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
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estimated at 30 years. These featur
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Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
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Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79: and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81: Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83: has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86: Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88: The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90: As a result, larger, higher trophic
Page 91 and 92: Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94: competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96: system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98: Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100: already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102: important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104: (i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106: The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108: UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
Page 109 and 110: The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112: potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114: activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116: The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118: women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120: Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122: those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124: 2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126: Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127: A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 131 and 132: Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134: The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136: Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
Page 137 and 138: ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
Page 139 and 140: 1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
Page 141 and 142: of the United States H. A. Walker K
Page 143 and 144: 25. Summary and recommendations E.
Page 145 and 146: Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
Page 147 and 148: 2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150: 14. Applications of the large marin
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Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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