Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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produce when governments realize the critical actions that need to be undertaken. GEF intends to deepen its support for LME projects and focus more attention on management and learning in support of the LME network. The UNDP, UNEP, NOAA, UNESCO-IOC and GEF have worked together in the past to enhance capacity building, learning, cooperation, and the sharing of experiences among the GEF LME projects through the GEF IW:LEARN Program. 10 Million US $ 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 144.2 117.9 FY92- 95 Time Trend of GEF Funding and Co-financing FY92 - FY08 3874.00 1042.00 FY 96 FY 97 FY 98 FY 99 FY 00 FY 01 FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 Fiscal Year (June-July) GEF Allocation Co-financing Figure 2. Time trend of GEF funding and co-financing for International Waters Focal Area Projects in FY92-FY08. Institutes and governments with marine-related programs in the North and South need to be linked together if real progress is to be made in reversing coastal and marine degradation. There is an important future place for GEF assistance in linking these leading institutions together, given the multiple causes of degradation in coastal and marine ecosystems and the progress that can be made with minimal, cost-effective improvements. The LME Movement: the Imperative for Securing Livelihoods The multi-country, participatory process developed by the GEF and utilized by 110 sovereign nations in 16 LMEs over the last decade has built trust and confidence to work jointly on shared areas of sea space, coasts and adjacent
freshwater basins to reverse natural resource depletion and degradation. The activities generated are being balanced among multiple nations, sectors, and communities. This is just a start. The warming planet and warming oceans, changes in currents and salinity decreases are placing coastal economies and communities at great risk. Ocean security is at stake. With more than 200 million people around the world depending on fisheries for food security, with international trade of marine fisheries valued at $70 billion annually, and $50 billion lost every year in rents to governments, it is easy to see why ocean security must be placed higher on the political agenda if poverty reduction goals, security and stability are to be achieved. GEF embraced this challenge in the early 1990s by being the first agency operating in the developing world to use ecosystem-based approaches for managing LMEs. The pragmatic, science-based, joint management approach piloted by the GEF funded Benguela Current LME project and other GEF LME projects must succeed—nothing less than the future of our coastal oceans and coastal communities is at stake. Planning is underway for a GEF-LME Community of Practice among LME projects and related GEF coastal and marine initiatives in the GEF portfolio, to focus cost-effective support on learning and experience-sharing. Networking, learning, capacity building, personnel exchange and dialogue are needed to accelerate global progress so that the livelihood of coastal communities, food sources, and drinking water supplies can be secured as communities make the transition to sustainability. Responsibility for action still rests with governments from the South and the North in removing trade barriers, providing assistance, fully funding the GEF so it may play its role, carrying out needed reforms to sustain coastal and marine systems, and reducing vulnerability to a changing climate. Annual goods and services from coasts and oceans are valued at $12.6 trillion. The international trade in fisheries products is valued at $70 billion annually, and $50 billion is lost annually through corruption and lack of enforcement. These figures alone are enough to push us forward. References Costanza R, d’Arge R, Groots Rd, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J and others. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260. Duda, A. M. 2005. Targeting development assistance to meet WSSD goals for large marine ecosystems and small island developing states. Oceans & Coastal Management 48:1-14. Duda, A. M. 2008. The Benguela Current Program, Global Environment Facility, and International Waters. In: Hempel, O’Toole, and Sweijd (eds): Benguela Current of Plenty. ISBN 978-0- 620-42211-6. Benguela Current Commission, Cape Town. pp. 86-89. Duda, A.M. and Sherman, K., 2002. A new imperative for improving management of large marine ecosystems. Ocean & Coastal Management 45:797-833. 11
Page 1 and 2: Sustaining the World’s Large Mari
Page 3 and 4: Preface This volume, Sustaining the
Page 5 and 6: describing practical applications o
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface iii Contents vii G
Page 9 and 10: GEF Support for the Global Movement
Page 11 and 12: ozone depletion, and international
Page 13 and 14: These processes are critical for in
Page 15 and 16: (BCLME) project serves as a success
Page 17: Ultimately, each nation must find a
Page 21 and 22: Indicators of Changing States of La
Page 23 and 24: engaged in the preparation and impl
Page 25 and 26: levels below fish in the marine foo
Page 27 and 28: LME observations are integrated int
Page 29 and 30: Sea surface temperature: The Earth
Page 31 and 32: een applying ecosystem-based method
Page 33 and 34: Figure 14. Value of reported landin
Page 35 and 36: 3) Pollution and Ecosystem Health M
Page 37 and 38: The Global Environment Facility (GE
Page 39 and 40: eing used to hindcast and forecast
Page 41 and 42: Using N yield (kg N per km 2 waters
Page 43 and 44: ecosystems (Galloway et al. 2004) w
Page 45 and 46: Somali Coastal Current Guinea Curre
Page 47 and 48: At the LME scale, Hoagland and Jin
Page 49 and 50: are all actively involved in reachi
Page 51 and 52: waste disposal, transportation, rec
Page 53 and 54: The paradigm shift toward ecosystem
Page 55 and 56: Hoagland P, Jin D. 2006. Accounting
Page 57: Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje P,
Page 60 and 61: Figure 1. The Benguela Currrent Lar
Page 62 and 63: The workshop used a logic framework
Page 64 and 65: The institutional arrangements outl
Page 66 and 67: The Benguela Current Commission sta
Page 68 and 69:
November 2006. LMEs, GOOS, GEOSS an
Page 70 and 71:
Benguela - Current of Plenty 2008 -
Page 72 and 73:
estimated at 30 years. These featur
Page 74 and 75:
Since the 1940s, the accelerated in
Page 76 and 77:
Over the years the BSRP has produce
Page 78 and 79:
and with the Swedish Meteorological
Page 80 and 81:
Landings in Baltic Sea LME Figure 3
Page 82 and 83:
has been instrumental in the prepar
Page 85 and 86:
Changing States of the Yellow Sea L
Page 87 and 88:
The Yellow Sea LME lies in the warm
Page 89 and 90:
As a result, larger, higher trophic
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Figure 6. Serious eutrophication, h
Page 93 and 94:
competitive species uses the surplu
Page 95 and 96:
system based on sustainable food pr
Page 97 and 98:
Some Considerations of Fisheries Ma
Page 99 and 100:
already happened. Moreover, most fi
Page 101 and 102:
important scientific information to
Page 103 and 104:
(i) IMTA of abalone and kelp Figure
Page 105 and 106:
The purpose of this activity is to
Page 107 and 108:
UNDP/GEF (2007a) Transboundary diag
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The IUCN Support of Marine Protecte
Page 111 and 112:
potential of coastal and marine fis
Page 113 and 114:
activities to support local uses of
Page 115 and 116:
The percentage of protection is sti
Page 117 and 118:
women, were further key aspects of
Page 119 and 120:
Future Needs of the LME Approach Wo
Page 121 and 122:
those goals in mind, BCLME became a
Page 123 and 124:
2007 was a step in that direction.
Page 125 and 126:
Outreach and Education for Ecosyste
Page 127 and 128:
A second phase, from the mid 1990s
Page 129 and 130:
acidification and nutrient over-enr
Page 131 and 132:
Tide” that surprised me is that i
Page 133 and 134:
The UNEP LME Report (2008): Global
Page 135 and 136:
Sherman K, Hempel G, editors. 2008.
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ANNEX 1986 Vol. 1 1989 Vol. 2 Publi
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1991 Vol. 4 1993 Vol. 5 Sherman, K.
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of the United States H. A. Walker K
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25. Summary and recommendations E.
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Part IV. Assessment of ecologic str
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2003 Vol. 12 dynamics 8. Physico-ch
Page 149 and 150:
14. Applications of the large marin
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Sustaining the World's Large Marine Ecosystems

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