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Fig. 1. Handling censoring patterns caused on newly diseased plants (t2 cases) by missing plants and previously diseased plants (t1 cases) in the test based on toroidal shifts (Test 3, see text). The observed pattern (A) is randomly shifted (B) on a torus (1 unit to the bottom and 1 unit to the left, in this example). The superposition of observed and shifted patterns (C) excludes some t2 cases and results in the final sets of selected points (D). The excluded points are observed t2 cases censored by the shift of either a missing plant or a t1 case; symmetrically, any shifted t2 case censored by an observed missing plant or t1 case is excluded. The distances between all t1 cases and the subsets of observed and shifted t2 cases that have not been censored during the shift are used to compute the test statistic Sc,i(d). - 112 -
Fig. 2. Spatiotemporal pattern of diseased trees in two orchards affected by: A, European stone fruit yellows; B, Plum pox virus. In both orchards, white, black, and gray squares represent healthy trees, initial infections (t1 cases) and later infections (t2 cases), respectively. The crosses symbolize missing trees. - 113 -
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Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronom
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Glossaire A leur première occurren
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C. Conclusions sur l’étude des v
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Introduction - 7 - « Deux grands m
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l’intensification permanente de l
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Ceci nous amène aux enjeux liés
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(b) Coût de la lutte contre l’ES
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Royaume- Uni Espagne Allemagne Belg
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1992) ; par contre, le cerisier dou
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6) Vection Le vecteur de l’ESFY (
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(b) Caractéristiques de la vection
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Conifères ? Rétention du phytopla
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Partie I : Identifier des facteurs
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Identifying Risk Factors from a Sur
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Data Record a
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visual inspection of their spatial
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Influence of the Risk Factors. The
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Model Application This kind of mode
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are much indebt
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42. Seemüller, E., and Schneider,
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TABLE 5: Analysis of deviance for e
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Fig. 2. Examination of the model fi
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II. Bilan Au-delà des effets évid
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Partie II : Identifier les cycles b
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A toolbox for the specific detectio
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Bordeaux). Plant samples were also
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cycles). The analyses were performe
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The above semi-quantification relie
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Table 1. Sequence of the primers an
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ESFY G1R (X) ESFY G2 (X) AP15R (X)
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Page 63 and 64: C. pruni Reimmigrants The percentag
Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Detection of ESFY from C.
Page 67 and 68: Si l’expérience est répétée d
Page 69 and 70: Il y a cependant deux réserves à
Page 71 and 72: The spread of European stone fruit
Page 73 and 74: inside the cage. The cages were rem
Page 75 and 76: Quantification of ‘Ca. P. prunoru
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Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Occurrence of Cacopsylla p
Page 81 and 82: Number of C. pruni on P. spinos 40
Page 83 and 84: V. Bilan sur le fonctionnement de l
Page 85 and 86: Partie III : Tester des hypothèses
Page 87 and 88: émergents migrent dans des massifs
Page 89 and 90: identique à Qc(d) sauf qu’elle e
Page 91 and 92: MATERIALS AND METHODS Characteristi
Page 93 and 94: allows summarising in one graph (i)
Page 95 and 96: (A) (B) Fig. 1. Summary of the spat
Page 97 and 98: Investigating Disease Spread betwee
Page 99 and 100: when some plants may be missing for
Page 101 and 102: the graphical display by an appropr
Page 103 and 104: shows that the proportion of missin
Page 105 and 106: the approach developed by Pélissie
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX Test 2. This section corre
Page 109 and 110: several types of points. J. R. Stat
Page 111: TABLE 4. Type I error and power of
Page 115 and 116: IV. Application à l’analyse de c
Page 117 and 118: Verger D1-4 Verger BH1 Verger BH2 V
Page 119 and 120: annuelle (Figure 1 de l’Article V
Page 121 and 122: consiste à disposer de vergers à
Page 123 and 124: Partie IV : Synthétiser l’inform
Page 125 and 126: Tableau 6. Propriétés biologiques
Page 127 and 128: Conclusion - 127 - « Il importe de
Page 129 and 130: fonctionnement du système épidém
Page 131 and 132: Tableau 7. Avantages et inconvénie
Page 133 and 134: malades correspondrait alors unique
Page 135 and 136: Expérimentations expérimentales S
Page 137 and 138: Références bibliographiques - 137
Page 139 and 140: 30. Chabrolin C. (1924) Quelques ma
Page 141 and 142: 86. Institute of Medicine (1992) Em
Page 143 and 144: 138. Morvan G. (1977) Apricot chlor
Page 145 and 146: 190. Torres E., Martin M. P., Paltr
Page 147 and 148: Annexes - 147 -
Page 149 and 150: if (estim!=1) W2.99) text(B2,0,past
Page 151 and 152: if ((sum(Do[1:4])!=0)&(sum(do1D)==0
Page 153 and 154: III. Annexe 3 : Programme R pour si
Page 155 and 156: IV. Annexe 4 : “Testing Boolean A
Page 157 and 158: Testing boolean assumption in the n
Page 159 and 160: ehavior, which is difficult to obse
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ule which transforms the tangent po
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large void segments will clearly ap
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together with local measurements at
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Kamphorst E.C. , Chadøeuf J. , Jet
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c.d.f 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 1 2
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4
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c.d.f. c.d.f. c.d.f. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.
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RESUME Les maladies (ré-)émergent
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