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Fig. 1. Factorial maps from a multivariate Hill & Smith analysis coupling the categorical and quantitative variables that describe the 225 apricot orchards. A, projections of the orchards on the first factorial plane (F1×F2, F1 and F2 representing respectively 13.8% and 8.5% of the total inertia). B-F, categorical variables. For a given variable, each circle represents the mean position (barycenter) of one modality on F1×F2, in connection with all the associated orchards. The supplementary variable GRW was not used to define F1×F2 (see in text). G-J, quantitative variables. For a given variable, each orchard is represented by a gray circle (positive value) or a white square (negative value) with an area proportional to the absolute value of the normalized variable. K, projection of the variables defining F1×F2. Thin arrows: categorical variables; thick arrows: quantitative variables. Correlated variables have collinear vectors; the weight of the variables in the analysis increases with their distance from the center of the graph. - 42 -
Fig. 2. Examination of the model fit. A, normal quantile-quantile plot of the residuals. B, linear regression of observed against predicted incidence (solid line), and expected line (dashed). C and D, boxplot of the residuals by grower (GRW) and origin of the planting material (OCLV), respectively. Points: mean of the residuals; brackets: 95% confidence interval for the expected mean under the null hypothesis of independence between residuals and GRW or OCLV, respectively. - 43 -
Page 1 and 2: Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronom
Page 3 and 4: Glossaire A leur première occurren
Page 5 and 6: C. Conclusions sur l’étude des v
Page 7 and 8: Introduction - 7 - « Deux grands m
Page 9 and 10: l’intensification permanente de l
Page 11 and 12: Ceci nous amène aux enjeux liés
Page 13 and 14: (b) Coût de la lutte contre l’ES
Page 15 and 16: Royaume- Uni Espagne Allemagne Belg
Page 17 and 18: 1992) ; par contre, le cerisier dou
Page 19 and 20: 6) Vection Le vecteur de l’ESFY (
Page 21 and 22: (b) Caractéristiques de la vection
Page 23 and 24: Conifères ? Rétention du phytopla
Page 25 and 26: Partie I : Identifier des facteurs
Page 27 and 28: Identifying Risk Factors from a Sur
Page 29 and 30: MATERIALS AND METHODS Data Record a
Page 31 and 32: visual inspection of their spatial
Page 33 and 34: Influence of the Risk Factors. The
Page 35 and 36: Model Application This kind of mode
Page 37 and 38: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are much indebt
Page 39 and 40: 42. Seemüller, E., and Schneider,
Page 41: TABLE 5: Analysis of deviance for e
Page 45 and 46: II. Bilan Au-delà des effets évid
Page 47 and 48: Partie II : Identifier les cycles b
Page 49 and 50: A toolbox for the specific detectio
Page 51 and 52: Bordeaux). Plant samples were also
Page 53 and 54: cycles). The analyses were performe
Page 55 and 56: The above semi-quantification relie
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Sequence of the primers an
Page 59 and 60: ESFY G1R (X) ESFY G2 (X) AP15R (X)
Page 61 and 62: Survival of European Stone Fruit Ye
Page 63 and 64: C. pruni Reimmigrants The percentag
Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Detection of ESFY from C.
Page 67 and 68: Si l’expérience est répétée d
Page 69 and 70: Il y a cependant deux réserves à
Page 71 and 72: The spread of European stone fruit
Page 73 and 74: inside the cage. The cages were rem
Page 75 and 76: Quantification of ‘Ca. P. prunoru
Page 77 and 78: prunorum’: the infectious reimmig
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Occurrence of Cacopsylla p
Page 81 and 82: Number of C. pruni on P. spinos 40
Page 83 and 84: V. Bilan sur le fonctionnement de l
Page 85 and 86: Partie III : Tester des hypothèses
Page 87 and 88: émergents migrent dans des massifs
Page 89 and 90: identique à Qc(d) sauf qu’elle e
Page 91 and 92: MATERIALS AND METHODS Characteristi
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allows summarising in one graph (i)
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(A) (B) Fig. 1. Summary of the spat
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Investigating Disease Spread betwee
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when some plants may be missing for
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the graphical display by an appropr
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shows that the proportion of missin
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the approach developed by Pélissie
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APPENDIX Test 2. This section corre
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several types of points. J. R. Stat
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TABLE 4. Type I error and power of
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Fig. 2. Spatiotemporal pattern of d
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IV. Application à l’analyse de c
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Verger D1-4 Verger BH1 Verger BH2 V
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annuelle (Figure 1 de l’Article V
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consiste à disposer de vergers à
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Partie IV : Synthétiser l’inform
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Tableau 6. Propriétés biologiques
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Conclusion - 127 - « Il importe de
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fonctionnement du système épidém
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Tableau 7. Avantages et inconvénie
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malades correspondrait alors unique
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Expérimentations expérimentales S
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Références bibliographiques - 137
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30. Chabrolin C. (1924) Quelques ma
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86. Institute of Medicine (1992) Em
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138. Morvan G. (1977) Apricot chlor
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190. Torres E., Martin M. P., Paltr
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Annexes - 147 -
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if (estim!=1) W2.99) text(B2,0,past
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if ((sum(Do[1:4])!=0)&(sum(do1D)==0
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III. Annexe 3 : Programme R pour si
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IV. Annexe 4 : “Testing Boolean A
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Testing boolean assumption in the n
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ehavior, which is difficult to obse
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distributed. So, the length distrib
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ule which transforms the tangent po
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large void segments will clearly ap
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together with local measurements at
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Kamphorst E.C. , Chadøeuf J. , Jet
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c.d.f 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 1 2
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4
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c.d.f. c.d.f. c.d.f. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.
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RESUME Les maladies (ré-)émergent
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