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Table 3. Proportion of Cacopsylla pruni alive after overwintering on conifers. Number of C. pruni set from June to C. pruni alive on Percentage Site August 2004 February 2005 of survival 1 1380 113 8.19% 2* 1020 11 1.08% 3 975 12 1.23% * Fungal epidemics killed a large proportion of the psyllid populations at this site (both natural populations and laboratory psyllids inside sleeve cages). Table 4. Transmission of ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ by C. pruni reimmigrants collected from natural populations on P. spinosa after acquisition on infected Prunus sources. Modality 2003 * 2004 * control 6 / 1155 2 / 630 1 day acquisition 4 / 400 7-10 days acquisition 6 / 1235 20 days acquisition 1 / 200 4 / 480 * Infectious C. pruni / total number tested Table 5. Transmission of ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ by C. pruni new generation after rearing on healthy or infected Prunus sources; the psyllid were deposited either at the nymph or adult stage. Rearing plant Stage at the deposition Experiment 2004 * healthy adult 0 / 620 infected nymph 3 / 300 infected adult 2 / 600 * Infectious C. pruni / total number tested - 80 -
Number of C. pruni on P. spinos 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 C. pruni 2004 0 0 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 Week - 81 - reimmigrants new generation on conifers Fig. 1. Assessment by sampling on plants of the period of presence and density of C. pruni reimmigrants and emigrants on Prunus spinosa and period of presence of the emigrants on conifers. The sampling includes either 20 P. spinosa or 20 min on conifers. phytoplasma quantity 1,E+08 1,E+07 1,E+06 1,E+05 1,E+04 1,E+03 1,E+02 1,E+01 1,E+00 Ec38 1-1 Ec65 1-1 Li19a 1a-2 Li19a 2a-2 Li19a 2a-4 Li19a 1b-3 Li19a 1b-5 Li21a 2-6 C. pruni reared on infected plants Li21a 2-8 Ei38a 1a-1 Ei38a 1b-3 Ei38a 1b-5 Ei44a 1-2 Ei44a 1-4 Ei65a 1a-1 Ei65a 1b-3 Ei65a 1b-5 individual C. pruni control nymphs new gen 38 d new gen 44 d new gen 65 d new gen 85 d wint 181 wint 319 Fig 2. Quantity of phytoplasma detected in individual C. pruni reared on an infected plant. Control: adults of the new generation reared on a healthy plant; nymphs: nymphs 19 or 21 days after hatching; new gen 33, 44, 65, 85: adults of the new generation 33, 44, 65 and 85 day-old (calculated after egg hatching); wint 181, 319: adults 181 and 319 day-old overwintering on conifers. Ei65a 2a-2 Ei65a 2a-4 Ei65b 1a-1 Ei65b 1b-3 Ei65b 1b-5 Ei65b 2b-2 Ei65b 2b-4 Ri181W 1a-1 Number of C. pruni on conifers Ri181W 1b-3 Ri319W 2-2 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Ri319W 2-4 Ri319W 2-6
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Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronom
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Glossaire A leur première occurren
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C. Conclusions sur l’étude des v
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Introduction - 7 - « Deux grands m
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l’intensification permanente de l
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Ceci nous amène aux enjeux liés
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(b) Coût de la lutte contre l’ES
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Royaume- Uni Espagne Allemagne Belg
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1992) ; par contre, le cerisier dou
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6) Vection Le vecteur de l’ESFY (
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(b) Caractéristiques de la vection
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Conifères ? Rétention du phytopla
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Partie I : Identifier des facteurs
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Identifying Risk Factors from a Sur
Page 29 and 30: MATERIALS AND METHODS Data Record a
Page 31 and 32: visual inspection of their spatial
Page 33 and 34: Influence of the Risk Factors. The
Page 35 and 36: Model Application This kind of mode
Page 37 and 38: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are much indebt
Page 39 and 40: 42. Seemüller, E., and Schneider,
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 5: Analysis of deviance for e
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 2. Examination of the model fi
Page 45 and 46: II. Bilan Au-delà des effets évid
Page 47 and 48: Partie II : Identifier les cycles b
Page 49 and 50: A toolbox for the specific detectio
Page 51 and 52: Bordeaux). Plant samples were also
Page 53 and 54: cycles). The analyses were performe
Page 55 and 56: The above semi-quantification relie
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Sequence of the primers an
Page 59 and 60: ESFY G1R (X) ESFY G2 (X) AP15R (X)
Page 61 and 62: Survival of European Stone Fruit Ye
Page 63 and 64: C. pruni Reimmigrants The percentag
Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Detection of ESFY from C.
Page 67 and 68: Si l’expérience est répétée d
Page 69 and 70: Il y a cependant deux réserves à
Page 71 and 72: The spread of European stone fruit
Page 73 and 74: inside the cage. The cages were rem
Page 75 and 76: Quantification of ‘Ca. P. prunoru
Page 77 and 78: prunorum’: the infectious reimmig
Page 79: Table 2. Occurrence of Cacopsylla p
Page 83 and 84: V. Bilan sur le fonctionnement de l
Page 85 and 86: Partie III : Tester des hypothèses
Page 87 and 88: émergents migrent dans des massifs
Page 89 and 90: identique à Qc(d) sauf qu’elle e
Page 91 and 92: MATERIALS AND METHODS Characteristi
Page 93 and 94: allows summarising in one graph (i)
Page 95 and 96: (A) (B) Fig. 1. Summary of the spat
Page 97 and 98: Investigating Disease Spread betwee
Page 99 and 100: when some plants may be missing for
Page 101 and 102: the graphical display by an appropr
Page 103 and 104: shows that the proportion of missin
Page 105 and 106: the approach developed by Pélissie
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX Test 2. This section corre
Page 109 and 110: several types of points. J. R. Stat
Page 111 and 112: TABLE 4. Type I error and power of
Page 113 and 114: Fig. 2. Spatiotemporal pattern of d
Page 115 and 116: IV. Application à l’analyse de c
Page 117 and 118: Verger D1-4 Verger BH1 Verger BH2 V
Page 119 and 120: annuelle (Figure 1 de l’Article V
Page 121 and 122: consiste à disposer de vergers à
Page 123 and 124: Partie IV : Synthétiser l’inform
Page 125 and 126: Tableau 6. Propriétés biologiques
Page 127 and 128: Conclusion - 127 - « Il importe de
Page 129 and 130: fonctionnement du système épidém
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Tableau 7. Avantages et inconvénie
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malades correspondrait alors unique
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Expérimentations expérimentales S
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Références bibliographiques - 137
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30. Chabrolin C. (1924) Quelques ma
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86. Institute of Medicine (1992) Em
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138. Morvan G. (1977) Apricot chlor
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190. Torres E., Martin M. P., Paltr
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Annexes - 147 -
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if (estim!=1) W2.99) text(B2,0,past
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if ((sum(Do[1:4])!=0)&(sum(do1D)==0
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III. Annexe 3 : Programme R pour si
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IV. Annexe 4 : “Testing Boolean A
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Testing boolean assumption in the n
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ehavior, which is difficult to obse
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distributed. So, the length distrib
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ule which transforms the tangent po
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large void segments will clearly ap
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together with local measurements at
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Kamphorst E.C. , Chadøeuf J. , Jet
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c.d.f 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 1 2
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4
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c.d.f. c.d.f. c.d.f. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.
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RESUME Les maladies (ré-)émergent
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