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Straightening out the queer? Norwegian young people’s homosexual experiences and same-sex attractions in a population-based study Abstract The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence of homosexual experiences – from French kissing through petting to oral sex and intercourse – and homosexual romantic attractions and sexual arousal in a representative sample of the Norwegian population of young men and women aged 17-18 (n=3648). While homosexual experiences were far more prevalent among young women (27.4%) than among young men (6.5%), the gender difference in the case of homosexual genital experiences was smaller (F=4.6%, M=2.7%) than in the case of French kissing (F=25.7%, M=3.9%). While homosexual romantic attractions were more prevalent among young men with homosexual experiences than among young women, such attractions were confined to a minority among all young men except among young men with experiences of homosexual oral sex or intercourse. Hence, most homosexual experiences among Norwegian youth are not unequivocally tied to homosexual attraction and possible homosexual self-identity. The results suggest that among young men, homosexual behaviour is more often associated with homosexual orientation whereas young women’s homosexual relations seem more exploratory. Keywords: Youth, homosexuality, sexual behaviour, sexual orientation, gender, Norway Introduction When Alfred Kinsey’s report on male adult sexual behaviour was first published in 1948 (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin 1948), it created a major controversy. Besides the fact that sexual behaviour per se was measured and brought into the public eye, one of the work’s most controversial conclusions was that the male population could not be represented by two distinct populations, one heterosexual and the other homosexual. Kinsey’s 7point scales of homosexual attraction and identification contributed to relativising and dissolving the sexual dichotomy of homosexuality and heterosexuality (Bullough 1998). Constructivist theories assert that sexual orientation is based on culturally specific categories. Judith Butler (1993) has argued that sexual – Homo? – 133
identities are something you do rather than something you are, a view which became the core of what soon became known as ‘queer theory’ – a term covering the more radical versions of the constructivist perspective. Some queer theorists argue in favour of dissolving identity categories as a strategy for undermining social and political heteronormativity (Warner 1999). Kanner (2003) defined queerness as ‘destabilizing conventional categories, subverting the identities derived from and normalized by heteropatriarchy’ (Kanner 2003: 34). Recent contributions to the field have argued that some contemporary young people in fact are living their sexual orientation as queer theory postulates, by discarding sexual identity categories and transgressing the binaries (Pedersen & Kristiansen 2003, Savin-Williams 2005). Essentialist theories on the other hand assert that sexual orientation is based on a non-changeable essence in the individual. Traditional identity politics, often based on such theories, largely sees homosexual behaviour as an expression of homosexual attraction and an important element of homosexual self-identity. Likewise, heterosexual behaviour is seen as an expression of heterosexual self-identity, or, if the individual self-identifies as gay or lesbian, poses a problem of authenticity and identity crisis. In other words, the dichotomised sexual system is based on a holistic ideal of sexual orientation, in which romantic feelings, sexual arousal and sexual behaviours are interrelated and consistent. The main question posed in the present article concerns this very issue: Is the traditional sexual dichotomy a valid categorisation when describing the sexual behaviour and attractions of contemporary Norwegian youth? The aim of the present paper is to describe patterns of homosexual experiences as well as homosexual attractions among 17-18 year olds in Norway. In particular we wish to explore the relation between homosexual and heterosexual experiences on the one hand and the relation between homosexual experiences and attractions on the other. We also wish to address sexual behaviour as a gendered phenomenon. The other question addressed in this paper is: What gender differences do we find in the relation between homo- and heterosexual attractions and sexual experiences in our data and how can this be made sense of? In the following we briefly present recent empirical research on adolescents and sexual behaviour in Europe and the Scandinavian countries at present, before turning to our own material. 134 – NOVA Rapport 1/07 –
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Homo? Betydningen av seksuell erfar
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Forord Avhandlingen handler om ungd
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Innhold 1 Innledning og bakgrunn ..
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1 Innledning og bakgrunn Temaet for
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dette tilfellet tilfredsstilte ikke
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eskrive prosesser som er av betydni
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vært tolket som uttrykk for at den
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Hensikten med disse første kapitle
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2.1 Identitet i tenårene Hva er id
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1968/1992), slik også Erving Goffm
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normer og verdier, tegn og symboler
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…grusom i sin måte å utelukke d
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opplevd heterofil tiltrekning vil i
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foranderlige med denne følelsen av
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seksuell atferd og begjær og ident
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livshistorier (Herdt & Boxer 1993).
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selvmordsforsøk, som et uttrykk fo
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uke rusmidler på? I sin studie av
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på kroppen, men også indirekte vi
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eller som «ordinary, conventional
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håpløshet, lav selvfølelse eller
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isikofaktorer for selvmordsforsøk
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4 Homoseksualitet og homofil identi
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negative oppfatningen også kunne v
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tet ligger innbakt i minoritetspers
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I ungdoms forhold til seksualitet e
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Fra makrostrukturer til mikrokonsek
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«resilient youth» (Herdt & Boxer
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lesbiske (Remafedi et al. 1998) ell
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hyppigere i vennemiljøet for enkel
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kerer i større grad å bli avvist
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(Hillier et al. 1998, s. 53). To st
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5 Hovedsiktemål og problemstilling
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for young people categorised by hom
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6 Metodisk grunnlag og vurderinger
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problemer kan være underrepresente
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sammen om lag åtte timers lydbånd
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ikke fordi vi først og fremst øns
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Vurderinger av validitet og hensikt
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lesbian is reduced to a cold statis
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av dette er det likevel rimelig å
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Page 86 and 87: dit hen at betydningen av disse erf
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Page 94 and 95: problemer. I motsetning til denne t
Page 96 and 97: Å oppsøke eller utforske homoseks
Page 98 and 99: kvalitative undersøkelser. I Micha
Page 100 and 101: Betydningen av alder og ungdomstid
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Page 104 and 105: selv-identifiserte homofile og lesb
Page 106 and 107: ligge i at homoseksualitet mellom m
Page 108 and 109: 1995). Jenter som er oftere beruset
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Page 112 and 113: artikkel II fant vi at det var fler
Page 114 and 115: Betydningen av å være i spennet m
Page 116 and 117: komme til å streve langt inn i vok
Page 118 and 119: Referanseliste Adam, B.D. (1998). T
Page 120 and 121: Coté, J.E., & Levine, C.G. (2002).
Page 122 and 123: Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and
Page 124 and 125: Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (199
Page 126 and 127: Pape, H., & Hammer, T. (1996a). How
Page 128 and 129: Rotheramborus, M.J., Rosario, M., M
Page 130 and 131: Stake, R. (1995). The Art of Case S
Page 132 and 133: ARTIKKEL I: STRAIGHTENING OUT THE Q
Page 136 and 137: Gender roles and heterosexuality in
Page 138 and 139: to young people’s own experiences
Page 140 and 141: and a sexual arousal dimension. The
Page 142 and 143: experiences only. This differed fro
Page 144 and 145: As expected, following the results
Page 146 and 147: essentialist identity theory presup
Page 148 and 149: as a parallel example: When Britney
Page 150 and 151: Conclusion The pattern of homosexua
Page 152 and 153: Edgardh, K., Lewin, B. and Nilsson,
Page 154 and 155: Tables Table 1: Prevalence of homos
Page 156 and 157: Figure 1: The relationship between
Page 158 and 159: ARTIKKEL II: WHAT’S LOVE GOT TO D
Page 160 and 161: What’s love got to do with it? Su
Page 162 and 163: Young people’s sexual orientation
Page 164 and 165: identity crisis, hopelessness and a
Page 166 and 167: Sample and Method Participants In 2
Page 168 and 169: and n=1989 for girls (70%). In this
Page 170 and 171: Substance use The cross tabulation
Page 172 and 173: Table 4 shows that for all three gr
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Page 176 and 177: the very few studies of bisexual yo
Page 178 and 179: Conclusion The results of this stud
Page 180 and 181: References Ministery for child and
Page 182 and 183: Kalichman, S. C., Tannenbaum, L., &
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Savin-Williams, R. C., & Cohen, K.
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Table 2: Substance use frequency an
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Figure 1. Group centroids plot from
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ARTIKKEL III: SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AMON
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Suicide Attempts in Gay, Lesbian an
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depression and anxiety, low self--e
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factors that may negatively influen
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identified gay, lesbian and bisexua
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y a question of alcohol intoxicatio
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were: hating oneself (40.0%), feeli
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The final model was tested on males
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studies based on US samples have fo
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pressure of articulating a sexual i
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years). To estimate whether the dif
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Hegna, K. (1996) Koss Har Me Det? U
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Table 1: List of general risk facto
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Table 3: Bivariate and multivariate
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ARTIKKEL IV: COMING OUT, COMING INT
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Coming out, coming into what? Ident
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precise self-understandings congrue
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case. Instead, it was selected on t
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interview Michael emphasised that h
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that he deliberately made contact w
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where Michael, a long time after he
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out with: They are the ‘old’, o
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do you know what? I get a start-up
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absence of specific sexual scripts
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cannot offer the social support tha
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References Butler, Judith (1991)
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Pedersen, Willy (2005) Nye seksuali
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APPENDIX: Wichstrøm, L., & Hegna,
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Appendix 245
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Appendix 247
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Appendix 249
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Appendix 251
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