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and a sexual arousal dimension. The question of sexual arousal was included in the battery of sexual behaviour items. In addition, we asked ‘Have you in your teenage years ever been in love with/had a crush on a boy/girl?’, again related to partners of both sexes. 6 Possible answers were ‘Yes’, ‘Not sure’ and ‘No’. There was no categorisation of ‘gay’ or ‘lesbian’; hetero- and homosexual behaviour was treated as equal and same-sex partners as a matter of course. The usefulness of this wording was confirmed by way of pilot-studies and group interviews with young people. Students felt that this way of asking about sexual experiences with either sex – leaving out labels like heterosexual or homosexual – was ‘democratic’ and ‘socially inclusive’. The respondents were grouped into three categories according to the nature of their homosexual experiences. One group included all students with neither homosexual experiences nor attractions (94 per cent of the males and 73 per cent of the females). The second group included students who had only experienced homosexual French kissing, regardless of their homosexual attractions (2 per cent in males and 18 per cent in females). The third group included students reporting one or more homosexual experiences other than French kissing, i.e. fondling, petting, oral sex, intercourse (4 per cent in males and 9 per cent in females). Two indexes of accumulated heterosexual and homosexual experiences respectively were computed by adding one point to the index for each type of experience reported. About one fourth of the respondents had missing answers to the samesex partner questions (Female resp.: 17.5%-19.2%, Male resp.: 26.5%- 27.1%), while missing responses on same-sex romantic attractions were lower (Female resp.: 11.8%, Male resp.: 12.4%). Respondents who also omitted to answer questions on the other-sex partner questions were coded as missing on homosexual behaviour (Female resp.: 1.3%, Male resp.: 1.6%). This rate of missing responses was on the same level as that of other general questions. The rest were coded as having no experience of homosexual behaviour. 6 The question on emotional attractions included the Norwegian word ‘forelsket’ which is somewhat softer than ‘being in love’, perhaps closer to ‘having a crush’ – Homo? – 139
Results Table 1 reports the prevalence of all homosexual behaviours and attractions, as well as the results of chi-square tests of the gender differences. Table 1 shows a marked gender difference in homosexual experiences among Norwegian older adolescents. All forms of homosexual experiences listed, except homosexual intercourse, were more common among young women than among young men. One in four females had kissed another girl/woman and almost one in ten had fondled another girl/woman above the waist. Among the young men, prevalence varied from 1.2-3.9 per cent. A correlation analysis between homosexual and heterosexual behaviour revealed fairly strong correlation between accumulated heterosexual and accumulated homosexual experiences among females but not for males (Females r=.23, p
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Homo? Betydningen av seksuell erfar
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Forord Avhandlingen handler om ungd
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Innhold 1 Innledning og bakgrunn ..
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1 Innledning og bakgrunn Temaet for
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dette tilfellet tilfredsstilte ikke
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eskrive prosesser som er av betydni
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vært tolket som uttrykk for at den
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Hensikten med disse første kapitle
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2.1 Identitet i tenårene Hva er id
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1968/1992), slik også Erving Goffm
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normer og verdier, tegn og symboler
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…grusom i sin måte å utelukke d
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opplevd heterofil tiltrekning vil i
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foranderlige med denne følelsen av
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seksuell atferd og begjær og ident
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livshistorier (Herdt & Boxer 1993).
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selvmordsforsøk, som et uttrykk fo
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uke rusmidler på? I sin studie av
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på kroppen, men også indirekte vi
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eller som «ordinary, conventional
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håpløshet, lav selvfølelse eller
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isikofaktorer for selvmordsforsøk
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4 Homoseksualitet og homofil identi
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negative oppfatningen også kunne v
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tet ligger innbakt i minoritetspers
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I ungdoms forhold til seksualitet e
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Fra makrostrukturer til mikrokonsek
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«resilient youth» (Herdt & Boxer
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lesbiske (Remafedi et al. 1998) ell
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hyppigere i vennemiljøet for enkel
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kerer i større grad å bli avvist
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(Hillier et al. 1998, s. 53). To st
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5 Hovedsiktemål og problemstilling
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for young people categorised by hom
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6 Metodisk grunnlag og vurderinger
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problemer kan være underrepresente
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sammen om lag åtte timers lydbånd
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ikke fordi vi først og fremst øns
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Vurderinger av validitet og hensikt
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lesbian is reduced to a cold statis
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av dette er det likevel rimelig å
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eksempel kan det tenkes at enkelte
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dit hen at betydningen av disse erf
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lant guttene som blant jentene, men
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Page 92 and 93: i, og som var preget av kropps-, se
Page 94 and 95: problemer. I motsetning til denne t
Page 96 and 97: Å oppsøke eller utforske homoseks
Page 98 and 99: kvalitative undersøkelser. I Micha
Page 100 and 101: Betydningen av alder og ungdomstid
Page 102 and 103: gruppen vil kunne være relatert ti
Page 104 and 105: selv-identifiserte homofile og lesb
Page 106 and 107: ligge i at homoseksualitet mellom m
Page 108 and 109: 1995). Jenter som er oftere beruset
Page 110 and 111: som er (mer eller mindre) nødvendi
Page 112 and 113: artikkel II fant vi at det var fler
Page 114 and 115: Betydningen av å være i spennet m
Page 116 and 117: komme til å streve langt inn i vok
Page 118 and 119: Referanseliste Adam, B.D. (1998). T
Page 120 and 121: Coté, J.E., & Levine, C.G. (2002).
Page 122 and 123: Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and
Page 124 and 125: Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (199
Page 126 and 127: Pape, H., & Hammer, T. (1996a). How
Page 128 and 129: Rotheramborus, M.J., Rosario, M., M
Page 130 and 131: Stake, R. (1995). The Art of Case S
Page 132 and 133: ARTIKKEL I: STRAIGHTENING OUT THE Q
Page 134 and 135: Straightening out the queer? Norweg
Page 136 and 137: Gender roles and heterosexuality in
Page 138 and 139: to young people’s own experiences
Page 142 and 143: experiences only. This differed fro
Page 144 and 145: As expected, following the results
Page 146 and 147: essentialist identity theory presup
Page 148 and 149: as a parallel example: When Britney
Page 150 and 151: Conclusion The pattern of homosexua
Page 152 and 153: Edgardh, K., Lewin, B. and Nilsson,
Page 154 and 155: Tables Table 1: Prevalence of homos
Page 156 and 157: Figure 1: The relationship between
Page 158 and 159: ARTIKKEL II: WHAT’S LOVE GOT TO D
Page 160 and 161: What’s love got to do with it? Su
Page 162 and 163: Young people’s sexual orientation
Page 164 and 165: identity crisis, hopelessness and a
Page 166 and 167: Sample and Method Participants In 2
Page 168 and 169: and n=1989 for girls (70%). In this
Page 170 and 171: Substance use The cross tabulation
Page 172 and 173: Table 4 shows that for all three gr
Page 174 and 175: themselves as sexually attractive.
Page 176 and 177: the very few studies of bisexual yo
Page 178 and 179: Conclusion The results of this stud
Page 180 and 181: References Ministery for child and
Page 182 and 183: Kalichman, S. C., Tannenbaum, L., &
Page 184 and 185: Savin-Williams, R. C., & Cohen, K.
Page 186 and 187: Table 2: Substance use frequency an
Page 188 and 189: Figure 1. Group centroids plot from
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ARTIKKEL III: SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AMON
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Suicide Attempts in Gay, Lesbian an
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depression and anxiety, low self--e
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factors that may negatively influen
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identified gay, lesbian and bisexua
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y a question of alcohol intoxicatio
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were: hating oneself (40.0%), feeli
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The final model was tested on males
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studies based on US samples have fo
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pressure of articulating a sexual i
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years). To estimate whether the dif
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Hegna, K. (1996) Koss Har Me Det? U
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Table 1: List of general risk facto
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Table 3: Bivariate and multivariate
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ARTIKKEL IV: COMING OUT, COMING INT
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Coming out, coming into what? Ident
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precise self-understandings congrue
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case. Instead, it was selected on t
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interview Michael emphasised that h
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that he deliberately made contact w
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where Michael, a long time after he
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out with: They are the ‘old’, o
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do you know what? I get a start-up
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absence of specific sexual scripts
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cannot offer the social support tha
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References Butler, Judith (1991)
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Pedersen, Willy (2005) Nye seksuali
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APPENDIX: Wichstrøm, L., & Hegna,
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Appendix 245
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Appendix 247
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Appendix 249
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Appendix 251
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