Betydningen av seksuell erfaring, tiltrekning og identitet for ...

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Table 4 shows that for all three groups, the score for loneliness was dependent on the size of social network and the level of intimacy and social acceptance from peers. There were no differences in the level of loneliness between the heterosexual and the homosexual experience group, while the homosexual attraction group had higher levels of loneliness than both the other sexual orientation groups, regardless of the size of social network, intimacy or social acceptance. Discriminant analysis was also used to explore the pattern of differences in social integration between the three sexual orientation groups divided by gender. All continuous measures of social integration were included in the analysis: social network size, degree of self reported intimacy, social acceptance and loneliness, and social support from friends. However, the results showed no interpretable two-dimensional pattern, and this analysis therefore did not produce findings beyond those presented in Tables 1 and 4. Discussion One of the most controversial conclusions from Alfred Kinsey’s studies was that the population could not be represented by two distinct categories; heterosexual and homosexual (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948; Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhardt, 1953). Kinsey’s 7-point scales of homosexual attraction and identification contributed to relativising and dissolving the sexual dichotomy of homosexuality/heterosexuality and implied that homosexuality was just one of many variations (Bullough, 1998). Recent studies of Norwegian adolescents and young adults have reported a profound heterogeneity in sexual experience, attractions and identity, particularly among young women (Hegna & Larsen, Submitted; Pedersen & Kristiansen, 2003). In the present study we have expanded on the topic of sexual orientation categories in relation to lifestyle and well-being. We found distinct differences in substance use and social integration between the two homosexual groups, as well as between heterosexual youth and others reporting either homosexual experiences or attractions. In general, we found that compared to heterosexual youth, those who had sexual experiences with a partner of their own sex while not reporting homosexual attraction, were more socially integrated into their peer group and consumed more alcohol. In comparison, we also found that adolescents who reported homosexual attraction were poorly integrated into their peer group. Although they reported good social support from the friends they had, they – Homo? – 171
felt lonely and used more drugs. In this group, the gender differences in substance use were small or the opposite of what was expected. By distinguishing youths with feelings of homosexual attractions from those with homosexual behaviour only, we have identified a group of youths where a relatively larger minority may run a potential risk for future substance abuse or social isolation. Whether these findings may imply some kind of causal association, – and if so what the underlying mechanisms would be -, remains unclear, but evidently love or homosexual attraction ‘has got something to do with it’. The new and important finding in this study was that homosexual experiences and homosexual attractions were found to be differently related to substance use and social integration. In accordance with previous studies (DuRant et al., 1998; Eisenberg & Wechsler, 2003; Fergusson et al., 1999), both groups characterised by homosexual orientation of some kind reported more frequent alcohol and drug use compared to adolescents with a heterosexual orientation. However, while homosexual behaviour without attraction was more strongly related to alcohol use – a conventional intoxicant, homosexual attraction was found to be more strongly related to drug use. In addition, the two groups differed greatly in their social integration with their peers. A possible objection to the analyses may be that homosexual behaviour included deep kissing with a same-sex partner, and that the group reporting homosexual behaviour was dominated by adolescents with deep kissing experience only. However, additional analyses where those with deep kissing experience only were excluded from the homosexual behaviour group, showed the same basic structure. Based on these findings, we are compelled to conclude that homosexual behaviour and attraction should not only be considered separately because they are different in nature, but also because they apply to different groups and are differently associated with important features of young people’s lives such as social integration and substance use. It remains to be seen whether this is also of importance when it comes to differences in depression and suicide attempts, which have been a recurring theme in research on youth and sexual orientation. Homosexual behaviour among self-defined heterosexual Norwegian youth has been explored in qualitative studies (Larsen, Sandberg, & Pedersen, 2005). Homosexual kissing among young heterosexual women was found to occur mainly in public, in front of their friends at parties where alcohol was consumed. In particular, the deep kissing between two girls was performed to tease and arouse the boys at the party, and also to stage 172 – NOVA Rapport 1/07 –
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Homo? Betydningen av seksuell erfar
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Forord Avhandlingen handler om ungd
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Innhold 1 Innledning og bakgrunn ..
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1 Innledning og bakgrunn Temaet for
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dette tilfellet tilfredsstilte ikke
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eskrive prosesser som er av betydni
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vært tolket som uttrykk for at den
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Hensikten med disse første kapitle
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2.1 Identitet i tenårene Hva er id
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1968/1992), slik også Erving Goffm
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normer og verdier, tegn og symboler
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…grusom i sin måte å utelukke d
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opplevd heterofil tiltrekning vil i
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foranderlige med denne følelsen av
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seksuell atferd og begjær og ident
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livshistorier (Herdt & Boxer 1993).
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selvmordsforsøk, som et uttrykk fo
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uke rusmidler på? I sin studie av
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på kroppen, men også indirekte vi
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eller som «ordinary, conventional
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håpløshet, lav selvfølelse eller
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isikofaktorer for selvmordsforsøk
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4 Homoseksualitet og homofil identi
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negative oppfatningen også kunne v
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tet ligger innbakt i minoritetspers
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I ungdoms forhold til seksualitet e
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Fra makrostrukturer til mikrokonsek
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«resilient youth» (Herdt & Boxer
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lesbiske (Remafedi et al. 1998) ell
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hyppigere i vennemiljøet for enkel
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kerer i større grad å bli avvist
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(Hillier et al. 1998, s. 53). To st
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5 Hovedsiktemål og problemstilling
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for young people categorised by hom
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6 Metodisk grunnlag og vurderinger
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problemer kan være underrepresente
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sammen om lag åtte timers lydbånd
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ikke fordi vi først og fremst øns
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Vurderinger av validitet og hensikt
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lesbian is reduced to a cold statis
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av dette er det likevel rimelig å
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eksempel kan det tenkes at enkelte
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dit hen at betydningen av disse erf
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lant guttene som blant jentene, men
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daglig røyking samt voldelig vikti
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i, og som var preget av kropps-, se
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problemer. I motsetning til denne t
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Å oppsøke eller utforske homoseks
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kvalitative undersøkelser. I Micha
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Betydningen av alder og ungdomstid
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gruppen vil kunne være relatert ti
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selv-identifiserte homofile og lesb
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ligge i at homoseksualitet mellom m
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1995). Jenter som er oftere beruset
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som er (mer eller mindre) nødvendi
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artikkel II fant vi at det var fler
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Betydningen av å være i spennet m
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komme til å streve langt inn i vok
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Referanseliste Adam, B.D. (1998). T
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Coté, J.E., & Levine, C.G. (2002).
Page 122 and 123: Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and
Page 124 and 125: Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (199
Page 126 and 127: Pape, H., & Hammer, T. (1996a). How
Page 128 and 129: Rotheramborus, M.J., Rosario, M., M
Page 130 and 131: Stake, R. (1995). The Art of Case S
Page 132 and 133: ARTIKKEL I: STRAIGHTENING OUT THE Q
Page 134 and 135: Straightening out the queer? Norweg
Page 136 and 137: Gender roles and heterosexuality in
Page 138 and 139: to young people’s own experiences
Page 140 and 141: and a sexual arousal dimension. The
Page 142 and 143: experiences only. This differed fro
Page 144 and 145: As expected, following the results
Page 146 and 147: essentialist identity theory presup
Page 148 and 149: as a parallel example: When Britney
Page 150 and 151: Conclusion The pattern of homosexua
Page 152 and 153: Edgardh, K., Lewin, B. and Nilsson,
Page 154 and 155: Tables Table 1: Prevalence of homos
Page 156 and 157: Figure 1: The relationship between
Page 158 and 159: ARTIKKEL II: WHAT’S LOVE GOT TO D
Page 160 and 161: What’s love got to do with it? Su
Page 162 and 163: Young people’s sexual orientation
Page 164 and 165: identity crisis, hopelessness and a
Page 166 and 167: Sample and Method Participants In 2
Page 168 and 169: and n=1989 for girls (70%). In this
Page 170 and 171: Substance use The cross tabulation
Page 174 and 175: themselves as sexually attractive.
Page 176 and 177: the very few studies of bisexual yo
Page 178 and 179: Conclusion The results of this stud
Page 180 and 181: References Ministery for child and
Page 182 and 183: Kalichman, S. C., Tannenbaum, L., &
Page 184 and 185: Savin-Williams, R. C., & Cohen, K.
Page 186 and 187: Table 2: Substance use frequency an
Page 188 and 189: Figure 1. Group centroids plot from
Page 190 and 191: ARTIKKEL III: SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AMON
Page 192 and 193: Suicide Attempts in Gay, Lesbian an
Page 194 and 195: depression and anxiety, low self--e
Page 196 and 197: factors that may negatively influen
Page 198 and 199: identified gay, lesbian and bisexua
Page 200 and 201: y a question of alcohol intoxicatio
Page 202 and 203: were: hating oneself (40.0%), feeli
Page 204 and 205: The final model was tested on males
Page 206 and 207: studies based on US samples have fo
Page 208 and 209: pressure of articulating a sexual i
Page 210 and 211: years). To estimate whether the dif
Page 212 and 213: Hegna, K. (1996) Koss Har Me Det? U
Page 214 and 215: Table 1: List of general risk facto
Page 216 and 217: Table 3: Bivariate and multivariate
Page 218 and 219: ARTIKKEL IV: COMING OUT, COMING INT
Page 220 and 221: Coming out, coming into what? Ident
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precise self-understandings congrue
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case. Instead, it was selected on t
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interview Michael emphasised that h
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that he deliberately made contact w
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where Michael, a long time after he
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out with: They are the ‘old’, o
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do you know what? I get a start-up
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absence of specific sexual scripts
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cannot offer the social support tha
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References Butler, Judith (1991)
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Pedersen, Willy (2005) Nye seksuali
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APPENDIX: Wichstrøm, L., & Hegna,
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Appendix 245
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Appendix 247
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Appendix 249
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Appendix 251
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