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years). To estimate whether the differences between the estimators were ignificant, b1 - b2 Z = 2 2 we used the formula: se1 + se2 (Paternoster, Brame, Mazerolle and Piquero 1998). 3 Regression models were also constructed that included the main effects as well as the interaction effects identified previously. In the multivariate model, these interaction effects were no longer significant. References Bagley, C. and Tremblay, P. (1997) ‘Suicidal Behaviors in Homosexual and Bisexual Males’, Crisis 18(1): 24--34. Bancroft, J. H., Skrimshire, A. M. and Simkin, S. (1976) ‘The Reasons People Give for Taking Overdoses’, British Journal of Psychiatry 128(Jun): 538--548. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. and Emery, G. (1979) Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Press. Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S. and Hammersmith, S. K. (1981) Sexual Preference. Its Development in Men and Women. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Bjarnason, T. and Thorlindsson, T. 1994 ‘Manifest Predictors of Past Suicide Attempts in a Population of Icelandic Adolescents’, Suicide and Life-- Threatening Behavior 24(4): 350--358. Brent, D.A. (1995) ’Risk--factors for Adolescent Suicide and Suicidal behavior. Mental and Substance--Abuse Disorders, Family Environmental--Factors, and Life Stress’, Suicide and Life--Threatening Behavior 25(Suppl): 52--63. Brent, D. A., Baugher, M., Bridge, J., Chen, T. and Chiappetta, L. (1999) ‘Age-- and Sex--related Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38(12): 1497--1505. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B. and Gotlib, I. H. (1993) ‘Psychopathology and Early Experience: A Reappraisal of Retrospective Reports’, Psychological Bulletin 113(1): 82--98. D’Augelli, A. R. and Hershberger, S. L. (1993) ‘Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Youth in Community Settings: Personal Challenges and Mental Health Problems’, American Journal of Community Psychology 21(4): 421--448. Derogatis, L. B., Lipman, R. S., Uhlenhut, E. H. and Covi, L. (1974) ‘The Hopkins Symptom Checklist: A Self--Report Inventory’, Behavioral Science 19(1): 1-- 15. – Homo? – 209
Dieserud, G., Loeb, M. and Ekeberg, Ø. (2000) ‘Suicidal Behavior in the Municipality of Baerum, Norway: A 12--year Prospective Study of Parasuicide and Suicide’, Suicide and Life--Threatening Behavior 30(1): 61--73. DuRant, R. H., Krowchuck, D. P. and Sinal, S. H. (1998) ‘Victimization, Use of Violence, and Drug Use at School among Male Adolescents who Engage in Same--Sex Behavior’, Journal of Pediatrics 132(1): 113--118. Durkheim, E. (1952/1992) Suicide. A Study in Sociology. London: Routledge. Elkind, D. (1967) ‘Egocentrism in Adolescence’, Child Development 38(4): 1024-- 1038. Faulkner, A. H. and Cranston, K. (1998) ‘Correlates of Same--Sex Sexual Behavior in a Random Sample of Massachusetts High School Students’, American Journal of Public Health 88(2): 262--266. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. and Beautrais, A. L. (1999) ‘Is Sexual Orientation Related to Mental Health Problems and Suicidality in Young People?’, Archives of General Psychiatry 56(10): 876--880. Garland, A. F. and Zigler, E. (1993) ‘Adolescent Suicide Prevention: Current Research and Social Policy Implications’, American Psychologist 48(2): 169-- 182. Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Kessel, A., Palfrey, J. and DuRant, R. H. (1998) ‘The Association between Health Risk Behaviors and Sexual Orientation among a School based Sample of Adolescents’, Pediatrics 101(5): 895--902. Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Wissow, L. S., Woods, E. R. and Goodman, E. (1999) ‘Sexual Orientation and Risk of Suicide Attempts among a Representative Sample of Youth’, Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 153(5): 487- -493. Goffman, E. (1963/1990) Stigma. Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Harmondsworth : Penguin, 1990. Grøholt, B., Ekeberg, Ø., Wichstrøm, L. and Haldorsen, T. (2000) ‘Young Suicide Attempters: A Comparison Between a Clinical and an Epidemiological Sample’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39(7): 868--875. van Heeringen, C. and Vincke, J. (2000) ‘Suicidal Acts and Ideation in Homosexual and Bisexual Young People: A Study of Prevalence and Risk Factors’, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 35(11): 494--499. Hegna, K., Kristiansen, H. W. and Moseng, B. U. (1999) Levekår og Livskvalitet blant Lesbiske Kvinner og Homofile Menn [Living conditions and quality of life among lesbian women and gay men in Norway] (NOVA Rep. 99--1). Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Social Research. 210 – NOVA Rapport 1/07 –
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Homo? Betydningen av seksuell erfar
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Forord Avhandlingen handler om ungd
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Innhold 1 Innledning og bakgrunn ..
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1 Innledning og bakgrunn Temaet for
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dette tilfellet tilfredsstilte ikke
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eskrive prosesser som er av betydni
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vært tolket som uttrykk for at den
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Hensikten med disse første kapitle
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2.1 Identitet i tenårene Hva er id
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1968/1992), slik også Erving Goffm
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normer og verdier, tegn og symboler
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…grusom i sin måte å utelukke d
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opplevd heterofil tiltrekning vil i
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foranderlige med denne følelsen av
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seksuell atferd og begjær og ident
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livshistorier (Herdt & Boxer 1993).
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selvmordsforsøk, som et uttrykk fo
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uke rusmidler på? I sin studie av
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på kroppen, men også indirekte vi
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eller som «ordinary, conventional
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håpløshet, lav selvfølelse eller
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isikofaktorer for selvmordsforsøk
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4 Homoseksualitet og homofil identi
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negative oppfatningen også kunne v
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tet ligger innbakt i minoritetspers
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I ungdoms forhold til seksualitet e
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Fra makrostrukturer til mikrokonsek
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«resilient youth» (Herdt & Boxer
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lesbiske (Remafedi et al. 1998) ell
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hyppigere i vennemiljøet for enkel
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kerer i større grad å bli avvist
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(Hillier et al. 1998, s. 53). To st
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5 Hovedsiktemål og problemstilling
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for young people categorised by hom
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6 Metodisk grunnlag og vurderinger
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problemer kan være underrepresente
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sammen om lag åtte timers lydbånd
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ikke fordi vi først og fremst øns
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Vurderinger av validitet og hensikt
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lesbian is reduced to a cold statis
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av dette er det likevel rimelig å
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eksempel kan det tenkes at enkelte
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dit hen at betydningen av disse erf
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lant guttene som blant jentene, men
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daglig røyking samt voldelig vikti
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i, og som var preget av kropps-, se
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problemer. I motsetning til denne t
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Å oppsøke eller utforske homoseks
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kvalitative undersøkelser. I Micha
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Betydningen av alder og ungdomstid
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gruppen vil kunne være relatert ti
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selv-identifiserte homofile og lesb
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ligge i at homoseksualitet mellom m
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1995). Jenter som er oftere beruset
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som er (mer eller mindre) nødvendi
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artikkel II fant vi at det var fler
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Betydningen av å være i spennet m
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komme til å streve langt inn i vok
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Referanseliste Adam, B.D. (1998). T
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Coté, J.E., & Levine, C.G. (2002).
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Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and
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Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (199
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Pape, H., & Hammer, T. (1996a). How
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Rotheramborus, M.J., Rosario, M., M
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Stake, R. (1995). The Art of Case S
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ARTIKKEL I: STRAIGHTENING OUT THE Q
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Straightening out the queer? Norweg
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Gender roles and heterosexuality in
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to young people’s own experiences
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and a sexual arousal dimension. The
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experiences only. This differed fro
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As expected, following the results
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essentialist identity theory presup
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as a parallel example: When Britney
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Conclusion The pattern of homosexua
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Edgardh, K., Lewin, B. and Nilsson,
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Tables Table 1: Prevalence of homos
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Figure 1: The relationship between
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ARTIKKEL II: WHAT’S LOVE GOT TO D
Page 160 and 161: What’s love got to do with it? Su
Page 162 and 163: Young people’s sexual orientation
Page 164 and 165: identity crisis, hopelessness and a
Page 166 and 167: Sample and Method Participants In 2
Page 168 and 169: and n=1989 for girls (70%). In this
Page 170 and 171: Substance use The cross tabulation
Page 172 and 173: Table 4 shows that for all three gr
Page 174 and 175: themselves as sexually attractive.
Page 176 and 177: the very few studies of bisexual yo
Page 178 and 179: Conclusion The results of this stud
Page 180 and 181: References Ministery for child and
Page 182 and 183: Kalichman, S. C., Tannenbaum, L., &
Page 184 and 185: Savin-Williams, R. C., & Cohen, K.
Page 186 and 187: Table 2: Substance use frequency an
Page 188 and 189: Figure 1. Group centroids plot from
Page 190 and 191: ARTIKKEL III: SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AMON
Page 192 and 193: Suicide Attempts in Gay, Lesbian an
Page 194 and 195: depression and anxiety, low self--e
Page 196 and 197: factors that may negatively influen
Page 198 and 199: identified gay, lesbian and bisexua
Page 200 and 201: y a question of alcohol intoxicatio
Page 202 and 203: were: hating oneself (40.0%), feeli
Page 204 and 205: The final model was tested on males
Page 206 and 207: studies based on US samples have fo
Page 208 and 209: pressure of articulating a sexual i
Page 212 and 213: Hegna, K. (1996) Koss Har Me Det? U
Page 214 and 215: Table 1: List of general risk facto
Page 216 and 217: Table 3: Bivariate and multivariate
Page 218 and 219: ARTIKKEL IV: COMING OUT, COMING INT
Page 220 and 221: Coming out, coming into what? Ident
Page 222 and 223: precise self-understandings congrue
Page 224 and 225: case. Instead, it was selected on t
Page 226 and 227: interview Michael emphasised that h
Page 228 and 229: that he deliberately made contact w
Page 230 and 231: where Michael, a long time after he
Page 232 and 233: out with: They are the ‘old’, o
Page 234 and 235: do you know what? I get a start-up
Page 236 and 237: absence of specific sexual scripts
Page 238 and 239: cannot offer the social support tha
Page 240 and 241: References Butler, Judith (1991)
Page 242 and 243: Pedersen, Willy (2005) Nye seksuali
Page 244 and 245: APPENDIX: Wichstrøm, L., & Hegna,
Page 246 and 247: Appendix 245
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