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References Butler, Judith (1991) ‘Imitation and Gender Insubordination’, in Diana Fuss (ed) Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories, pp. 13-31. New York: Routledge. Cass, Vivienne C. (1979) ‘Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model’, Journal of Homosexuality, 4(3): 219-35. Cohler, Bertram J. and Galatzer-Levy, Robert M. (2000) The Course of Gay and Lesbian Lives. Social and Psychoanalytic Perspectives. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Coleman, Eli (1981/1982) ‘Developmental stages of the coming out process’, Journal of Homosexuality, 7(1981) 31-43. Davies, Bronwyn and Harré, Rom (1990/2001) ‘Positioning: The Discursive Production of Selves’, in Margaret Wetherell, Stephanie Taylor and Simeon J. Yates (eds) Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader, pp. 261-71. London: Sage Publications. Epstein, Steven (1987) ‘Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism’, Socialist Review, 93-94: 9-54. Erikson, E.H. (1968/1992). Identitet. Ungdom og kriser. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag. Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, L.J. and Beautrais, A.L. (1999) ‘Is Sexual Orientation Related to Mental Health Problems and Suicidality in Young People?’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(10): 876-80. Fuss, D. (1989). Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference. New York: Routledge. Hall, Stuart (1996) ‘Introduction: Who Needs Identity?’, in Stuart Hall and Paul Du Gay (eds) Questions of Cultural Identity, pp. 1-17. London: Sage Publications. Hegna, Kristinn, Kristiansen, Hans W. and Moseng, Bera (1999) Levekår og livskvalitet blant lesbiske kvinner og homofile menn [Living conditions and quality of life among lesbians and gay men in Norway]. NOVA Report 1/99. Oslo, Norwegian Social Research. Herdt, Gilbert H. (1997) Same Sex, Different Cultures: Gays and Lesbians Across Cultures. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Herdt, Gilbert H. and Boxer, Andrew (1996) Children of Horizons: How Gay and Lesbian Teens are Leading a New Way out of the Closet. Boston: Beacon Press. Hollway, Wendy (1984) ‘Gender Difference and the Production of Subjectivity’, in Margaret Wetherell, Stephanie Taylor and Simeon J. Yates (eds) Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader, pp. 272-83. London: Sage Publications. – Homo? – 239
Horowitz, Janna L. and Newcomb, Michael D. (2001) ‘A Multidimensional Approach to Homosexual Identity’, Journal of Homosexuality, 42(2): 1-19. Hostetler, Andrew J. & Herdt, Gilbert H. (1998) ‘Culture, Sexual Lifeways, and Developmental Subjectivities: Rethinking Sexual Taxonomies’, Social Research, 65(2): 249-290. Huebner, D.M., Rebchook, G.M. and Kegeles, S.M. (2004) ‘Experiences of harassment, discrimination, and physical violence among young gay and bisexual men’, American Journal of Public Health, 94(7): 1200-1203. Humphreys, L. (1972). Out of the Closet. The Sociology of Homosexual Liberation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Jenness, Valerie (1992) ‘Coming out: Lesbian identities and the categorization problem’, in Ken Plummer (ed) Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experience, pp. 65-74. London: Routledge. Kristiansen, Hans W. and Pedersen, Willy (2004) ‘Når skeiv teori blir levd liv’, Samtiden, 2: 79-87. English version available at http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2004-07-06-kristiansen-en.html (20.03.06). Lalander, Philip (1998) Anden i Flaskan: Alkoholens Betydelser i olika Ungdomsgrupper. PhD Thesis, Stockholm University. Stockholm: Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion. van Langenhove, Luk and Harré, Rom (1999) ‘Positioning as the Production and Use of Stereotypes’, in Rom Harré and Luk van Langenhove (eds) Positioning Theory, pp. 127-37. Malden: Blackwell Publishers. Levine, Heidi (1997) ‘A Further Exploration of the Lesbian Identity Development Process and its Measurement’, Journal of Homosexuality, 34(2): 67-78. Maguen, Shira, Floyd, Frank J, Bakeman, Roger and Armistead, Lisa (2002) ‘Developmental Milestones and Disclosure of Sexual Orientation among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual youths’, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 23(2): 219-33. McAdams, Dan (1985) Power, Intimacy and the Life Story. New York: Guildford Press. Middelthon, Anne-Lise (1997) ‘Sexual debut and the risk of HIV infection among young gay men in Norway’, in Peter Aggelton, Peter Davies and Graham Hart (eds) AIDS: Activism and Alliances, pp.100-21. London: Taylor and Francis. Middelthon, Anne-Lise (2001) Being young and gay in the Context of HIV: A Qualitative Study among Young Norwegian Gay Men. PhD Thesis, University of Oslo. Oslo: Faculty of medicine, University of Oslo. Morris, Jessica F. (1997) ‘Lesbian Coming Out as a Multidimensional Process’, Journal of Homosexuality, 33(2): 1-22. 240 – NOVA Rapport 1/07 –
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Homo? Betydningen av seksuell erfar
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Forord Avhandlingen handler om ungd
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Innhold 1 Innledning og bakgrunn ..
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1 Innledning og bakgrunn Temaet for
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dette tilfellet tilfredsstilte ikke
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eskrive prosesser som er av betydni
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vært tolket som uttrykk for at den
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Hensikten med disse første kapitle
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2.1 Identitet i tenårene Hva er id
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1968/1992), slik også Erving Goffm
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normer og verdier, tegn og symboler
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…grusom i sin måte å utelukke d
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opplevd heterofil tiltrekning vil i
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foranderlige med denne følelsen av
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seksuell atferd og begjær og ident
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livshistorier (Herdt & Boxer 1993).
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selvmordsforsøk, som et uttrykk fo
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uke rusmidler på? I sin studie av
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på kroppen, men også indirekte vi
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eller som «ordinary, conventional
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håpløshet, lav selvfølelse eller
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isikofaktorer for selvmordsforsøk
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4 Homoseksualitet og homofil identi
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negative oppfatningen også kunne v
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tet ligger innbakt i minoritetspers
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I ungdoms forhold til seksualitet e
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Fra makrostrukturer til mikrokonsek
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«resilient youth» (Herdt & Boxer
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lesbiske (Remafedi et al. 1998) ell
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hyppigere i vennemiljøet for enkel
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kerer i større grad å bli avvist
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(Hillier et al. 1998, s. 53). To st
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5 Hovedsiktemål og problemstilling
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for young people categorised by hom
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6 Metodisk grunnlag og vurderinger
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problemer kan være underrepresente
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sammen om lag åtte timers lydbånd
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ikke fordi vi først og fremst øns
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Vurderinger av validitet og hensikt
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lesbian is reduced to a cold statis
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av dette er det likevel rimelig å
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eksempel kan det tenkes at enkelte
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dit hen at betydningen av disse erf
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lant guttene som blant jentene, men
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daglig røyking samt voldelig vikti
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i, og som var preget av kropps-, se
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problemer. I motsetning til denne t
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Å oppsøke eller utforske homoseks
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kvalitative undersøkelser. I Micha
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Betydningen av alder og ungdomstid
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gruppen vil kunne være relatert ti
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selv-identifiserte homofile og lesb
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ligge i at homoseksualitet mellom m
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1995). Jenter som er oftere beruset
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som er (mer eller mindre) nødvendi
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artikkel II fant vi at det var fler
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Betydningen av å være i spennet m
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komme til å streve langt inn i vok
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Referanseliste Adam, B.D. (1998). T
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Coté, J.E., & Levine, C.G. (2002).
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Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and
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Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (199
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Pape, H., & Hammer, T. (1996a). How
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Rotheramborus, M.J., Rosario, M., M
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Stake, R. (1995). The Art of Case S
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ARTIKKEL I: STRAIGHTENING OUT THE Q
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Straightening out the queer? Norweg
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Gender roles and heterosexuality in
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to young people’s own experiences
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and a sexual arousal dimension. The
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experiences only. This differed fro
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As expected, following the results
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essentialist identity theory presup
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as a parallel example: When Britney
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Conclusion The pattern of homosexua
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Edgardh, K., Lewin, B. and Nilsson,
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Tables Table 1: Prevalence of homos
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Figure 1: The relationship between
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ARTIKKEL II: WHAT’S LOVE GOT TO D
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What’s love got to do with it? Su
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Young people’s sexual orientation
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identity crisis, hopelessness and a
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Sample and Method Participants In 2
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and n=1989 for girls (70%). In this
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Substance use The cross tabulation
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Table 4 shows that for all three gr
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themselves as sexually attractive.
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the very few studies of bisexual yo
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Conclusion The results of this stud
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References Ministery for child and
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Kalichman, S. C., Tannenbaum, L., &
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Savin-Williams, R. C., & Cohen, K.
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Table 2: Substance use frequency an
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Figure 1. Group centroids plot from
Page 190 and 191: ARTIKKEL III: SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AMON
Page 192 and 193: Suicide Attempts in Gay, Lesbian an
Page 194 and 195: depression and anxiety, low self--e
Page 196 and 197: factors that may negatively influen
Page 198 and 199: identified gay, lesbian and bisexua
Page 200 and 201: y a question of alcohol intoxicatio
Page 202 and 203: were: hating oneself (40.0%), feeli
Page 204 and 205: The final model was tested on males
Page 206 and 207: studies based on US samples have fo
Page 208 and 209: pressure of articulating a sexual i
Page 210 and 211: years). To estimate whether the dif
Page 212 and 213: Hegna, K. (1996) Koss Har Me Det? U
Page 214 and 215: Table 1: List of general risk facto
Page 216 and 217: Table 3: Bivariate and multivariate
Page 218 and 219: ARTIKKEL IV: COMING OUT, COMING INT
Page 220 and 221: Coming out, coming into what? Ident
Page 222 and 223: precise self-understandings congrue
Page 224 and 225: case. Instead, it was selected on t
Page 226 and 227: interview Michael emphasised that h
Page 228 and 229: that he deliberately made contact w
Page 230 and 231: where Michael, a long time after he
Page 232 and 233: out with: They are the ‘old’, o
Page 234 and 235: do you know what? I get a start-up
Page 236 and 237: absence of specific sexual scripts
Page 238 and 239: cannot offer the social support tha
Page 242 and 243: Pedersen, Willy (2005) Nye seksuali
Page 244 and 245: APPENDIX: Wichstrøm, L., & Hegna,
Page 246 and 247: Appendix 245
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